This randomised, double-blind, parallel-group, 1-yr study compared the effect of tiotropium 18 microg once daily (n=500) and placebo (n=510) on exacerbations, associated health resource use (HRU) and airflow limitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. The mean+/-sd number of exacerbations during the past year was 2.14+/-1.40, the mean weekly morning peak expiratory flow...

The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) hydrological/water quality model divides a watershed into hydrological response units (HRUs) based on unique land cover, soil type, and slope. HRUs are a set of discontinuous land masses that are spatially located in the watershed but their responses are not tied to any particular field. Field_SWAT, a simple graphical user interface (GUI)-driven tool, w...

Streamflow estimates are substantially important as fresh water shortages increase in arid and semi-arid regions where evapotranspiration (ET) is a significant contribution to the water balance. In this regard, evapotranspiration data can be assimilated into a distributed hydrological model (SWAT, Soil and Water Assessment Tool) for improving streamflow estimates. The SWAT model has been widely...

Unlike to so called lumped models in which the quantification of several processes results from a statistical relation between system input and system output for the whole catchment, distributed models enable the differentiation of single modelling entities (e.g. Hydrological Response Units – HRU) which can be parameterized and modelled independently. Furthermore spatially distributed hydrologi...

Abstract Background Bipolar I disorder (BP-I) is associated with a high humanistic and economic burden. Evidence suggests that BP-I often misdiagnosed as major depressive (MDD), but the unmet needs misdiagnosis are unknown. This study compares socioeconomic, healthcare-related quality of life (HRQoL), healthcare resource utilization (HRU) burdens participants diagnosed vs who screened probable ...

Background: Mucopolysaccharidosis II (MPS II; Hunter syndrome; OMIM 309900) is a rare, X-linked, lysosomal storage disease caused by deficient iduronate-2-sulfatase activity. Accumulation of glycosaminoglycans results in multisystemic manifestations, which may include central nervous system involvement and cognitive impairment (CI). Patients with MPS experience high burden, leading to extensive...

The supply and demand of ecosystem services their mutual feedback are important for the formulation basin ecological environmental policies. Simulation spatial flow can clarify division areas support policy development. This paper takes Jinghe Basin in Loess Plateau China as case-study area to simulate soil conservation service on different scales. results showed that (1) erosion situations imp...

In the Jeddah climate region, a lot of energy is assigned to air handling unit (AHU) sector, which should be reduced by using energy-efficient solutions. As passes through cooling coil, consumed reduce temperature along with humidity so that if precooled in previous stages, consumption this energy-intensive section will diminished. Using coldness return heat recovery (HRU), incoming precooled. ...

BACKGROUND Skeletal-related events (SREs; pathologic fracture, radiation or surgery to bone, spinal cord compression) frequently occur in patients with advanced cancer with bone metastases/lesions. Limited data on the associated patient and economic burden are available to aid in resource planning and evaluating treatment options. METHODS Patients with bone metastases/lesions secondary to bre...