سابقه و هدف: به ­دلیل توسعه رشد جمعیت انسان، نیاز انسان منابع ضروری افزایش یافته است. فعالیت‌های مربوط صنایع همچنین کشاورزی به­ طور گسترده‌ای زمین‌های را آلوده کرده ترکیبات نفتی فلزات سنگین هر دو از آلاینده‌های رایج موجود در خاک‌هایی هستند که با فاضلاب تصفیه نشده آبیاری شده‌اند سلامت محیط زیست خطر مواجه می‌کنند. آلودگی خاک می‌تواند سبب کاهش امکان زراعت، نهایت تولید غذا برای شود. جنوب شهر تهران ...

1 Corresponding author: [email protected]; 715-346-4098 2 [email protected]; 541-737-3056 ABSTRACT: Aspen (Populus tremuloides) stands inside and outside Yellowstone National Park (YNP), Wyoming, USA, were compared to test whether the lack of overstory aspen recruitment observed in YNP extended to winter ranges of elk (Cervus elaphus) in adjacent national forests. Remote sensing and fi...

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We conducted an analysis of aspen (Populus tremuloides) overstory recruitment on the northern range of Yellowstone National Park (YNP) using information provided in a monograph published by Warren (Warren, E.R., 1926. A study of beaver in the Yaney region of Yellowstone National Park, Roosevelt-Wildl. Ann. 1, 1±191), increment cores collected from riparian aspen stands in 1998, and an extensive...

Aspen communities in the western U.S. are considered at risk because of low levels of disturbance and high levels of herbivory by wild and domestic ungulates. There appears to be a trend toward the loss of aspen-dominated stands West-wide. In some cases the loss is caused by succession, with shade-tolerant conifers becoming dominant. On dry sites where aspen is considered to be the climax, dete...

A spen (Populus tremuloides) provides important habitat for mammals and birds 1–3 , improves water retention in watersheds, 4 and has high aesthetic appeal in autumn. However, the amount and quality of aspen cover in the West has been declining for many years. For example, aspen cover in the Dixie and Fishlake National forests in Utah has decreased by more than 60% from historic levels, and in ...