R ecently, the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) has formulated a new worldwide definition for the metabolic syndrome (1). In contrast to the previous World Health Organization (WHO) and National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) criteria, abdominal obesity was considered as a prerequisite (2,3). Population-based epidemiological data on the metabolic syndrome in Europe are rare, and th...

The flavonoid pigment pathway in plants has been used as a model system for studying gene regulatory mechanisms. C2-Idf is a stable dominant mutation of the chalcone synthase gene, c2, which encodes the first dedicated enzyme in this biosynthetic pathway of maize. Homozygous C2-Idf plants show no pigmentation. This allele also inhibits expression of functional C2 alleles in heterozygotes, produ...

HIF-1 is associated with poor prognoses and therapeutic resistance in cancer patients. We previously developed a novel hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 inhibitor, IDF-11774, a clinical candidate for cancer therapy. We also reported that IDF-1174 inhibited HSP70 chaperone activity and suppressed accumulation of HIF-1α. In this study, IDF-11774 inhibited the accumulation of HIF-1α in vitro and in...

The individual-discipline-feasible (IDF) formulation was proposed to simplify the implementation of MDO problems. The IDF formulation introduces coupling variables into the optimization problem that eliminate the need for a full multidisciplinary analysis at each optimization iteration; this simplifies the solution of MDO problems by maintaining modularity of the discipline software. Historical...

The term weighting function known as IDF was proposed in 1972, and has since been extremely widely used, usually as part of a TF*IDF function. It is often described as a heuristic, and many papers have been written (some based on Shannon’s Information Theory) seeking to establish some theoretical basis for it. Some of these attempts are reviewed, and it is shown that the Information Theory appr...

This lecture is an introductory tutorial on the mechanics of implementing two methods for optimal system design: the individual disciplinary feasible approach (IDF), and analytical target cascading (ATC). Familiarity with optimization is assumed. A brief discussion on terminology is given, followed by an example-based introduction to both IDF and ATC. Additional references on IDF [1] and ATC [2...

The IDF Standing Committee on Animal Health has produced the IDF Animal Health Newsletter for a third successive year. The Newsletter is available electronically and in paper copy. The primary aim of the publication is to provide the IDF community with knowledge of current activities in the field of animal health. However, it also offers a forum in which short descriptions of recent research, i...

How to improve the classification precision is a major issue in the field of Chinese text classification. The tf-idf algorithm is a classic and widely-used feature selection algorithm based on VSM. But the traditional tf-idf algorithm neglects the feature term’s distribution inside category and among categories, which causes many unreasonable selective results. This paper makes an improvement t...

SLVM ALVM Nom du corpus SLVM ALVM Blanche Neige 0.73 0.68 Cendrillon 0.62 0.58 La Belle au Bois Dormant 0.71 0.64 Le Petit Chaperon Rouge 0.38 0.34 Log(tf+1) x Idf Tf x Idf Tfc Ltc Log(tf+1)/Entropie de Shannon Tf x Idf Log(tf+1) x Idf Tfc Ltc Log(tf+1)/Normal Le Petit Poucet 0.47 0.50 (a) (b) ALVM : Avec l’utilisation de la liste de mots vides. SLVM : Sans l’utilisation de la liste de mots vid...