BACKGROUND Dyspnea or perceived exertion during exercise is most commonly measured using Borg or visual analog scales, created for use in adults. In contrast, pictorial scales have been promoted for children due to skepticism concerning applicability of the said scales in pediatrics. We sought to validate our newly created, pictorial Dalhousie Dyspnea and Perceived Exertion Scales in adult popu...

Changes in lung hyperinflation, dyspnea, and exercise endurance are important outcomes in assessing therapeutic responses in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Therefore, we studied the reproducibility of Borg dyspnea ratings, inspiratory capacity (IC; to monitor lung hyperinflation), and endurance time during constant-load symptom-limited cycle exercise in 29 patients with COPD (FEV...

newly determined structure of a filament-forming protein from bacteria is eerily similar to that of eukaryotic actin. The bacterial protein, MreB, was known to affect cell shape in bacteria; Escherichia coli that lack MreB are spherical rather than rod-shaped. In March of this year, Jeffery Errington and colleagues (University of Oxford, UK) reported that filamentous helical A Actin (left) and ...

We prove a general Borg-type inverse spectral result for a reflectionless unitary CMV operator (CMV for Cantero, Moral, and Velázquez [13]) associated with matrix-valued Verblunsky coefficients. More precisely, we find an explicit formula for the Verblunsky coefficients of a reflectionless CMV matrix whose spectrum consists of a connected arc on the unit circle. This extends a recent result [39...

We prove a general Borg-type result for reflectionless unitary CMV operators U associated with orthogonal polynomials on the unit circle. The spectrum of U is assumed to be a connected arc on the unit circle. This extends a recent result of Simon in connection with a periodic CMV operator with spectrum the whole unit circle. In the course of deriving the Borg-type result we also use exponential...

Lars Borg (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, LLNL) and colleagues at LLNL, the University of New Mexico, the University of California, Berkeley, and Arizona State University have made detailed measurements of trace elements and isotopes in Northwest Africa (NWA) 032, a lunar basaltic meteorite. Previous studies had already shown that the rock is a low-titanium mare basalt. Among other thi...