Dopamine signals reward in animal brains. A single presentation of a sugar reward to Drosophila activates distinct subsets of dopamine neurons that independently induce short- and long-term olfactory memories (STM and LTM, respectively). In this study, we show that a recurrent reward circuit underlies the formation and consolidation of LTM. This feedback circuit is composed of a single class of...

Although the importance of spaced training trials in the formation of long-term memory (LTM) is widely appreciated, surprisingly little is known about the molecular mechanisms that support interactions between individual trials. The intertrial dynamics of ERK/MAPK activation have recently been correlated with effective training patterns for LTM. However, whether and how MAPK is required to medi...

Although it is commonly appreciated that spaced training is superior to massed training in memory formation, the molecular mechanisms underlying this feature of memory are largely unknown. We previously described the selective benefit of multiple spaced (vs massed) training trials in the induction of long-term memory (LTM) for sensitization in Aplysia californica. We now report that LTM can be ...

This research uses a novel integration paradigm to investigate whether target locations read in from long-term memory (LTM) differ from perceptually encoded inputs in spatial working-memory (SWM) with respect to systematic spatial error and/or noise, and whether SWM can simultaneously encompass both of these sources. Our results provide evidence for a composite representation of space in SWM de...

Lateral tape motion (LTM) is a function of tape path and tape properties, design parameters such as speed, tension, and friction between tape and tape path components. This investigation deals with the LTM of a tape moving over the surface of a cylindrical guide. Starting from the equation of motion for a moving tape on a cylindrical guide surface, the effects of friction, tape properties and d...

Aquatic treadmill (ATM) running may simultaneously promote aerobic fitness and enhance muscle growth when combined with resistance training (RT) compared with land-treadmill (LTM) running. Therefore, we examined acute and chronic physiological responses to RT, concurrent RT-LTM, and concurrent RT-ATM. Forty-seven untrained volunteers (men: n = 23, 37 ± 11 yr, 29.6 ± 4.6 kg/m(2); women: n = 24, ...

We review neuropsychological and neuroimaging evidence for the existence of three qualitatively different categorization systems. These categorization systems are themselves based on three distinct memory systems: working memory (WM), explicit long-term memory (explicit LTM), and implicit long-term memory (implicit LTM). We first contrast categorization based on WM with that based on explicit L...

Translocation of signaling molecules, MAPK in particular, from the cytosol to nucleus represents a universal key element in initiating the gene program that determines memory consolidation. Translocation mechanisms and their behavioral impact, however, remain to be determined. Here, we report that a highly conserved nuclear transporter, Drosophila importin-7 (DIM-7), regulates import of trainin...

Introduction High frequency lateral tape motion (LTM) is a problem in tape technology that limits track density in a tape drive. To reduce high frequency LTM, it is important to identify all sources of lateral tape motion. The most important sources of high frequency LTM are edge contact between tape and tape drive components, non-repeatable roller axial run-out, air induced flutter and tape te...

Groundwater long-term monitoring (LTM) is required to assess human health and environmental risk of residual contaminants after active groundwater remediation activities are completed. However, LTM can be costly because of the large number of sampling locations that exist at a site from previous site characterization and remediation activities. The cost of LTM may be reduced by identifying redu...