The enhancement of intellectual property rights (IPR) under the TRIPs agreement has to some degree been paralleled by an expansion of the literature on the optimal forms and roles of IPR systems. Economists have long concerned themselves (albeit with limited success) with such matters as optimal patent scope and duration. Public sector scientists have been particularly concerned with the effect...

The linear, two-coordinate and isostructural heteroleptic [M(IPr){N(SiMe3)2}] (IPr = 1,3-bis(diisopropylphenyl)-imidazol-2-ylidene), formally MI complexes (M = Co, 3; Fe, 4) were obtained by the reduction of [M(IPr)Cl{N(SiMe3)2}] with KC8, or [Co(IPr){N(SiMe3)2}2] with mes*PH2, mes* = 2,4,6-tBu3C6H2. The magnetism of 3 and 4 implies CoII and FeII centres coupled to one ligand-delocalized electr...

Intellectual property rights (IPR) of computer software is the right to assign the software to its creator, not limited to time and space, and non-transferable. Proving IPR of the creators of computer software requires a rigorous review of the ways in which these rights may be violated. The present study was conducted by comparing two populations in Iran with the aim of identifying the level of...

This paper aims at overcoming several shortcomings of previous empirical studies on the relationship between IPR protection and FD!. First of all, we use sectorally disaggregated FDI data for a large sampie of host countries. Second, we address the proposition that stronger IPR protection raises not only the quantity but also the quality of FD!. Third, we check to which extent the relationship ...

INTERPROXIMAL REDUCTION IN CONJUNCTION WITH PLASTIC ALIGNER THERAPY: A RETROSPECTIVE PILOT STUDY Adam Chorak, DDS August 1, 2011 Background: For more than 10 years, Invisalign has been a treatment alternative to traditional bands and brackets for the treatment of malocclusion. In order to relieve crowding in the dentition, interproximal reduction (IPR) or stripping is often required. Invisalign...

Small Problem We read with great interest the article by van Rooij et al regarding the endovascular treatment of very small aneurysms ( 3 mm). The conclusion of the study that coiling of very small aneurysms is more frequently complicated by intraprocedural rupture (IPR) is consistent with previous series and is technically understandable. However, conflicting data do exist from the 1010 patien...

We study interactive proofs in the framework of real number complexity as introduced by Blum, Shub, and Smale. The ultimate goal is to give a Shamir like characterization of the real counterpart IPR of classical IP. Whereas classically Shamir’s result implies IP = PSPACE = PAT = PAR, in our framework a major difficulty arises from the fact that in contrast to Turing complexity theory the real n...

While most countries have harmonized intellectual property rights (IPR) legislation, the dispute about the optimal level of IPR-enforcement remains. This paper develops an endogenous growth framework with two open economies satisfying the classical North-South assumptions to study (a) IPR-enforcement in a decentralized game and (b) the desired globally-harmonized IPR-enforcement of the two regi...

The emerging global trends in intellectual property (IP) commercialization and intellectual property rights (IPR) enforcement and harmonization such as technology globalization, "niching", and licensing strategies, the diffusion of IPR standards and the divergence of IPR enforcement practices, are components of an emerging view of the importance of intellectual capital in corporate and national...

The role of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) is very effective in pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries. In pharmaceutical industry regarding health sector it clearly defines the market price of the drugs whereas during recession most company owners were spent their money to build the R&D and also they strengthened the IPR cells. It also clearly defines the patent, patent term restorati...