BACKGROUND Advanced practice providers (APPs), including nurse practitioners (NPs) and physician assistants (PAs) are cost-effective substitutes for physicians, with similar outcomes in primary care and surgery. However, little is understood about APP roles in inpatient medicine. OBJECTIVE Describe APPs role in inpatient medicine. DESIGN Observational cross-sectional cohort study. SETTING...

The critics of e-learning seem especially gleeful these days, as one after another of the dot-coms and virtual universities announces layoffs (eCollege, UNext), buyouts (Hungry Minds), bankruptcies (Pensare, ecampus.com), or closure (U.S. Open University, Fathom). What interests most of us is, why the failures? Did these organizations make mistakes that we can (and should) learn from? Or did th...

INTRODUCTION The Internet economy is becoming an integral part of many countries' economies, creating new jobs, giving rise to new companies like the dot coms and transforming traditional jobs and traditional companies. The Internet is increasingly becoming a part of the basic business model for many companies as organizations around the world are adopting new e-business models, integrated solu...

Example 1 (Mixture of K Poisson distributions). The sample spaces are X = Z+ := {0, 1, 2, . . . } = and Y = [K] := {1, 2, . . . ,K}. The parameter space is Θ = ∆K−1 × R++, where ∆K−1 := {π = (π1, π2, . . . , πK) ∈ R+ : ∑K j=1 πj = 1}, R+ := {t ∈ R : t ≥ 0}, and R++ := {t ∈ R : t > 0}. Each distribution Pθ in P = {Pθ : θ ∈ Θ} is as follows. If (X,Y ) ∼ Pθ for θ = (π, λ1, λ2, . . . , λK), then Y ...

Abstract Multiphase astrochemical modeling presents a numerical challenge especially for the simulation of objects with wide range physical parameters such as protoplanetary disks. We demonstrate an implementation analytical Jacobian integration system differential rate equations that govern chemical evolution in star-forming regions. The allowed us to greatly improve stability code disk condit...

We investigate the roles of stochastic grain heating in formation complex organic molecules (COMs) cold cores, where COMs have been detected. Two different types grain-size distributions are used chemical models. The first one is MRN distribution, and second considers coagulation to study its effects on evolution these environments. macroscopic Monte Carlo method perform two-phase model simulat...

The reactive open-shell species play a very important role in the radiation-induced molecular evolution occurring cold areas of space and presumably leading to formation biologically relevant molecules. This review presents an insight into mechanism such processes coming from matrix isolation studies with main focus on experimental theoretical performed author’s laboratory during past decade. r...

Decision making is a complex process in which different sources of information are combined into a decision variable (DV) that guides action [1, 2]. Neurophysiological studies have typically sought insight into the dynamics of the decision-making process and its neural mechanisms through statistical analysis of large numbers of trials from sequentially recorded single neurons or small groups of...

Natural transformation, or competence, is an ability inherent to bacteria for the uptake of extracellular DNA. This process is central to bacterial evolution and allows for the rapid acquirement of new traits, such as antibiotic resistance in pathogenic microorganisms. For the Gram-positive bacteria genus Streptococcus, genes required for competence are under the regulation of quorum sensing (Q...