Is GIS a tool or a science? The question is clearly important in the day-to-day operations of geography departments. Departments need to know if GIS is a tool that should be taught at the undergraduate level, or a science and thus a legitimate research specialty of faculty and graduate students. We summarize the debate on this question that was conducted on GIS-L electronic listserver in late 1...

This paper presents a methodology to develop synchronization code based on the global invariant (GI) approach in the context of the Uniied Process in UML. This approach has the following advantages: (1) it is a formal approach that enables formal veriication of programs being developed, (2) the most important activity in the programming process lies at a high level; namely, speciication of GIs,...

In recent years the use of geographic information systems (GIS) in healthcare has expanded rapidly. Although the use of GIS has increased quickly, very little consensus has been reached on which healthcare professionals are best suited to be trained in and use GIS. A moderate amount of research has addressed the use of GIS in healthcare, but very little research has addressed selecting and trai...

DEFINITION Network GIS Performance (NGP) refers to the level of Quality of Services (QoS) of a Network GIS. NGP includes both the efficient use of Network GIS resources (CPU, memory, massive storage, geospatial data and geospatial services) and the perception of speed of a Network GIS [1]. Network GIS is a GIS where the geospatial data and geospatial processing are distributed across a computer...

A global information system (GIS) connects companies in various countries. Although GIS professionals have produced many facilities for connectivity, only a few have developed a comprehensive GIS model to overcome the obstacles. Complexities, ambiguity as well as other risks are among GIS development difficulties. To develop an efficient and effective decision-making process, critical performan...

The popularity of Internet technology has brought about some fundamental changes in the field of GIS. Internet GIS is emerging as a new technology to access, process, and disseminate spatial information over the Internet. Internet GIS cover a much wider audience than the traditional GIS. This raises many issues that are distinct from traditional desktop GIS, such as easy access, webcompatible u...

GIS eased into geography without much discord until the 1990s, when a flurry of commentaries about the relative merits of GIS made their way into a number of geographic journals. The ensuing decade was marked by varying degrees of friction between GIS practitioners and their critics in human geography. Despite the methodological chasm between the two groups, little discussion of the implication...

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