The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) long terminal repeat (LTR) represents a model promoter system and the identification and characterisation of cellular proteins that interact with this region has provided a basic understanding about both general eukaryotic and HIV-1 proviral transcriptional regulation. To date a large number of sequence-specific DNA-protein interactions have been ...

To investigate the role of Rac1 for tumorigenesis, we generated inducible transgenic (Tg) mice that simultaneously express polyomavirus middle T antigen (mT) and Cre recombinase under the control of mouse mammary tumor virus long terminal repeat (MMTV-LTR) promoter (MMTV-LTR-tTA/mT-TRE-cre Tg). MMTV-LTR-tTA/mT- TRE-cre Tg mice formed tumors in the subcutaneous tissue and developed lung metastas...

When Vero or murine cells were stably transfected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) long terminal repeat (LTR) that directs the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene (pU3R-III-CAT), expression was suppressed. Treatment with the nucleoside analog 5-azacytidine (5-azaC) restored CAT expression. S1 nuclease analysis and a nuclear run-on assay demonstrated that activation of the la...

A recombinant plasmid carrying the long terminal repeat (LTR) of the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) linked to the reporter chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) gene was stably introduced into human fibroblasts. The transfectant cells expressed CAT activity from the HIV LTR. The response to anti-neoplastic drugs, i.e. cisplatin, a platin derivative, and hexadecylphosphocholine, was s...

OBJECTIVE To determine the causes of laryngotracheal reconstruction (LTR) failures. DESIGN Retrospective chart review. SETTING Tertiary care children's hospital. PATIENTS Seventeen pediatric patients who underwent revision LTR from October 1, 1986, to December 31, 1998. INTERVENTION Laryngotracheal reconstruction. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Decannulation. RESULTS Seventeen patients requir...

We analyzed 15 recombinant DNA clones of the unintegrated closed circular DNA intermediate of the BALB/c endogenous ecotropic murine leukemia virus WN1802N. Thirteen of these clones had an insert which corresponded to the complete murine leukemia virus genome. Of these, six contained a single long terminal repeat (LTR) and seven contained two LTRs. The viral genomes in nine clones had an LTR of...

BACKGROUND Novel therapeutic approaches are needed to attack persistent proviral human immunodeficiency type 1 (HIV-1) infection. Hexamethylbisacetamide (HMBA), a hybrid bipolar compound, induces expression of the HIV-1 promoter in the long terminal repeat (LTR) region in a Tat-independent manner but mimics the effect of Tat, overcoming barriers to LTR expression and increasing the processivity...

The HCMV IE2 protein promiscuously activates transcription of many viral and cellular genes. IE2 also negatively autoregulates its own expression by binding to a strategically positioned IE2 binding site, called CRS, located immediately downstream of the TATA box of the HCMV major IE promoter. Here we show that IE2 is able to repress transcription driven by a heterologous promoter, RSV LTR. Rep...

VL30 genetic elements constitute a murine multicopy gene family that is retrovirus-like, despite the lack of sequence homology with any known retrovirus. Over one hundred copies of VL30 units are dispersed throughout the mouse genome. We report here that the mouse genome also contains 'solo' VL30 long terminal repeats (LTRs). These are structures which contain the LTR detached from the rest of ...

HIV-1 can be subdivided into distinct subtypes; the consequences of such a genomic variability remain largely speculative. The long terminal repeats (LTR) control HIV transcription and reflect the major differences of distinct viral subtypes. Three regions in the HIV-1 subtype B LTR are close matches to the Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) consensus sequence. Here, we sho...