Multiparameter radar measurements of rainfall, namely, reflectivity factor ZH , differential reflectivity ZDR , and specific differential phase KDP lie in a constrained threedimensional (3-D) space and therefore measurement of ZH , ZDR , or KDP should be consistent with the other two. This selfconsistency relationship between ZH , ZDR , and KDP is valid when the radar resolution volume is homog...

In order to improve the understanding of microphysical characteristics raindrop size distribution (DSD) under different rainfall rates (R) classes, and broaden knowledge impact radar wavelengths R classes on QPE dual-polarization radars in Tianshan Mountains, a typical arid area China, we investigated DSD across dual-polarimetric relationships based data from PARSIVEL2 disdrometer at Zhaosu Mou...

Multiparameter radar measurements were made during a heavy rainfall event accompanied by hail in Colorado. Rainfall rates R and accumulation for this event were estimated using S-band specific differential phase KDP, reflectivity factor ZH, and X-band specific attenuation AH3. These estimates were compared with measurements from a ground-based rain gauge. Both R–KDP and R–AH3 relations were in ...

Noncentrosymmetric potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4 or KDP) in the tetragonal crystal phase is arguably the most extensively studied nonlinear optical crystal in history. It has prolific applications ranging from simple laser pointers to laser inertial confinement fusion systems. Recently, type IV high-pressure KDP crystal sheets with a monoclinic crystal phase having centrosymmetric prop...

Coincidental radar measurements and in situ ground-truth observations of large, oblate hail has allowed new insights into the fall mode of oblate hailstones. The effect of the fall mode upon hail-detection algorithms using multi-parameter radar is investigated and discussed, as is the vexed problem of extracting realistic rainfall rates in regions where hail and rain coexist. Observations prese...