In tomato, the Pto kinase confers resistance to bacterial speck disease by recognizing the expression of a corresponding avirulence gene, avrPto, in the pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. Using the yeast two-hybrid system, we have identified three genes, Pti4, Pti5 and Pti6, that encode proteins that physically interact with the Pto kinase. Pti4/5/6 each encode a protein with characteris...

Plants use receptor kinases, such as FLS2 and EFR, to perceive bacterial pathogens and initiate innate immunity. This immunity is often suppressed by bacterial effectors, allowing pathogen propagation. To counteract, plants have evolved disease resistance genes that detect the bacterial effectors and reinstate resistance. The Pseudomonas syringae effector AvrPto promotes infection in susceptibl...

Using the extended ab initio atomistic thermodynamics approach together with density functional theory calculations the interfacial structure and composition of Pt-electrodes in electrochemical environments at elevated electrode potentials was studied. Focusing on the electrode potential region, at which the oxide-formation occurs, the bulk systems and all lowindex surfaces of α-PtO2, β-PtO2, a...

BACKGROUND Health economic analysis aimed at informing policy makers and supporting resource allocation decisions has to evaluate not only improvements in health but also avoided decline. Little is known however, whether the "direction" in which changes in health are experienced is important for the public in prioritizing among patients. This experimental study investigates the social value peo...

In recent years, numerous functions which count the number of parts of various types of partitions have been studied. In this brief note, we consider the function pto(n) which counts the number of parts in all odd–part partitions of n (or what Chen and Ji recently called the number of rooted partitions of n into odd parts). In particular, we prove a number of results on the parity of pto(n), in...

In this paper we study self applicative theories of operations and binary words in the context of polynomial time computability We propose a rst order theory PTO which allows full self application and whose provably total functions on W f g are exactly the polynomial time computable func tions Our treatment of PTO is proof theoretic and very much in the spirit of reductive proof theory

The interface between graphene and the ferroelectric superlattice PbTiO3/SrTiO3 (PTO/STO) is studied. Tuning the transition temperature through the PTO/STO volume fraction minimizes the adorbates at the graphene/ferroelectric interface, allowing robust ferroelectric hysteresis to be demonstrated. "Intrinsic" charge traps from the ferroelectric surface defects can adversely affect the graphene c...

In a previous article [1] (subsequently referred to as the ‘original study’ and whose prior reading is recommended to make the most of what follows), the authors explored the concept of sloped power take-off (PTO) for a free-floating wave energy converter (WEC) using linear potential flow theory. Part of the study focused on the optimization of four parameters: the mass reference m2, its vertic...

Virus-induced gene silencing was used to assess the function of random Nicotiana benthamiana cDNAs in disease resistance. Out of 4992 cDNAs tested from a normalized library, there were 79 that suppressed a hypersensitive response (HR) associated with Pto-mediated resistance against Pseudomonas syringae. However, only six of these clones blocked the Pto-mediated suppression of P.syringae growth....

Nearly all tractor PTO arrangements used today consist of a rotating mechanical shaft with two or more universal joints and splined couplings. Although this method of power transfer has been the standard for decades, it continues to be a hazard to farm workers. Commonly, PTO accidents involve the snagging of clothes, resulting in the victim being rapidly and violently drawn into (and around) th...