A standard reference material (SRM 1049) has been developed for the University of Pittsburgh smoke toxicity method. SRM 1049 is a nylon 6/6 and has the molecular structure of [-NH(CH2)6NHCO(CH2)4CO-] n . This SRM is for calibrating the apparatus and providing confidence that the method is being conducted in a correct manner and that the equipment is functioning properly. The certified figure of...

The crude methanolic extract of Averrhoa bilimbi Linn. (Oxalidiaceae) fruits and its different fractions have been investigated for the evaluation of in vitro cytotoxic potential. The dried and powder fruits were extracted with methanol at room temperature and the concentrated methanolic extract was fractionated by the modified Kupchan partitioning method to provide pet-ether, carbon tetrachlor...

Using twenty chemicals commercially available or provided by NCI, we demonstrated the feasibility of using zebrafish embryos to study toxicity response by assessing Median Lethal Concentration (LC50), developmental teratogenicity, and specific liver and kidney toxicity. For the twenty compounds used to study LC50 and liver and kidney toxicity in zebrafish embryos, we found good correlation with...

This study investigated the developmental toxicity of a plant growth regulator (a type of pesticide) using the frog embryo teratogenesis assay-Xenopus (FETAX). Xenopus laevis embryos were exposed to 11 different concentrations of gibberellic acid (GA3), from stage 8 to 11, for 96 h under static renewal test conditions. The median lethal concentration (LC50), malformation (EC50), non-observed ad...

Arsenic (As) is a human carcinogen. Our prior work showed that chronic (>18 weeks) low level (500 nM) arsenite (As3+) exposure induced malignant transformation in a rat liver epithelial cell line (TRL 1215). In these cells, metallothionein (MT) is hyper-expressible, a trait often linked to metal tolerance. Thus, this study examined whether the adverse effects of arsenicals and other metals were...

A traditional Thai medicinal extract from Cassia siamea was evaluated with respect to its larvicidal properties by determining the median lethal concentration (LC50) at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h against the fourth instar larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus, which is a carrier of mosquito-borne diseases, by studying the histopathological alterations. The 24, 48, 72 and 96 h LC50 values were 394.29, 350.2...

Cinnamoyl amides isolated from Zanthoxylum armatum (Rutaceae) and their synthetic analogues were tested for their insecticidal activity against the second instar larvae of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) to determine the promising structures with insecticidal activity. Most of the test compounds showed promising activity against larvae of P. xylostella. H...

Received 10th December, 2012 Received in revised form 20, December, 2012 Accepted 5th January, 2013 Published online 31th January, 2013 Objective: To determine the mosquito larvicidal activity of leaf essential oil and their chemical constituents from Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook. f. ex Benth. against Anopheles subpictus and Aedes albopictus. In addition, the chemical composition of the leaf ...

The acute toxicity of technical-grade glyphosate acid, glyphosate isopropylamine, and three glyphosate formulations was determined for adults of one species and tadpoles of four species of southwestern Australian frogs in 48-h static/renewal tests. The 48-h LC50 values for Roundup(R) Herbicide (MON 2139) tested against tadpoles of Crinia insignifera, Heleioporus eyrei, Limnodynastes dorsalis, a...