Market pressure is forcing New Zealand greenhouse tomato growers to shift from conventional to more environmentally-friendly pest control methods such as IPM (Integrated Pest Management). Growers can access IPM manuals, but these tend to provide generalized advice, which they find difficult to apply to their own situations. Alternatively, growers can use consultants to tailor IPM strategies to ...

Many optimization problems can be formulated as second order cone programming (SOCP) problems. Theoretical results show that applying interior-point method (IPM) to SOCP has global polynomial convergence. However, various stability issues arise in the implementation of IPM. The standard normal equation based implementation of IPM encounters stability problems in the computation of search direct...

Vegetables, cultivated on 4.65 million ha with annual production of 53.5 million t in South and Southeast Asia, are subject to severe yield losses from insect pests and diseases in the tropics. Chemical pesticides account for onethird to one-half of the total mean material input cost for vegetable production in the region. Extensive and inappropriate pesticide use has led to pests developing re...

An Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Farmer Field School (FFS) is a field-based activity that lasts a full cropping season. A typical FFS meets once a week and 25-30 farmers participate in an FFS. In addition to group dynamics activity and a special topic session, an FFS emphasizes scientific learning through experimentation. Biological control is discussed and confirmed by carrying out insect z...

Timely availability of expert support to the farmers for appropriate decision-making on ‘whether and what pest management option is required’ is imperative for effective Integrated Pest Management (IPM). For several decades Economic Threshold Level (ETL) has been the basis for decision-making but in modern IPM emphasis is given on agro-ecological situation wherein IPM decisions are based on lar...

Integrated pest management (IPM), particularly for high-value crops, is often viewed by growers as a more risky approach compared to their current (conventional) pest control practices. In this article we present the results of a 3-year on-farm trial, which documents the expected benefits, and risks of IPM and a conventional pest management system for cabbage. In Minnesota, USA, ca. 500 ha of c...

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) can be defined as “an ecologically based pest control strategy that relies heavily on natural mortality factors and seeks out control tactics that disrupt these factors as little as possible” (Flint & Bosch, 1981). IPM began to be applied because the extensive use of chemical insecticides show different types of environmental damages, as development of resistant...

Transdermal delivery that avoids the presystemic disposition can provide an alternative to oral administration of tadalafil. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to select the best vehicle as the first step in optimization of tadalafil transdermal delivery. The vehicles were used neat or in selected binary combinations and were evaluated for drug solubilization and transdermal delivery. The d...

Integrated control of ectoparasites of veterinary importance is being implemented on a limited basis at present. However, several forces are accelerating a global shift to integrated pest management (IPM). These accelerating forces include the following: reduction in new chemical compounds registered for use on livestock and poultry universal development of resistance to pesticides heightened e...

Insect pests represent a significant limitation for production of many crops. Traditional reliance on pesticides brings significant economic costs and environmental liabilities of off-target drift, chemical residues and resistance. IPM has long been proposed as an alternative. The adoption of IPM in the Australian cotton industry provides a valuable overview of the key components of IPM and the...