This aim of this study was to explore the effects and molecular mechanisms of Astragalus extract against cerebral ischemia injury through the energy metabolism and apoptosis pathways of c‑Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signal transduction. After the bilateral common carotid artery of C57BL/6 mice was occluded for 20 min followed by 1-h reperfusion, the ATP content, total adenine nucleotides (TAN),...

The hypotheses about the origin of the primitive amniotic tarsus are very speculative. Early studies argued that the origin of the astragalus, one of the largest proximal bones in the tarsus of basal amniotes, was produced by either the fusion of two, three, or even four of the original tarsal bones, the intermedium, the tibiale and the proximal centralia (c4 and c3), or that the intermedium al...

Ernest Sosa has long defended bi-level virtue epistemology on the grounds that it offers the best overall treatment of epistemology’s central issues. A surprising number of problems “yield to” the approach (Sosa 1991: 9). Sosa applies bi-level virtue epistemology to diagnose and bypass ongoing disputes in contemporary epistemology, including the disputes between foundationalists and coherentist...

From CERMAV-CNRS (affiliated to Université Joseph Fourier and ICMG, 38041 Grenoble, France, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Institute of Biology II and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, 79104 Freiburg, Germany, # Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Traffic, Signaling and Delivery group, CNRS UMR 144, 75248 Paris, France, Inserm, U892, University of Nantes, IRT UN, 44007 Nante...

Mark Bruno*, Julian Koschmieder*, Florian Wuest, Patrick Schaub, Mirjam Fehling-Kaschek, Jens Timmer, Peter Beyer, and Salim Al-Babili 1 Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Schaenzlestr. 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany 2 Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Department of Physics, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3a, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany 3 Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, BIO...

Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breading Research, 50829, Germany, Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland (BioSS), James Hutton Insti...

Absorption of selenate and selenite by excised roots of Astragalus Crotalariae, a selenium accumulator, and of A. lentiginosus, a non-accumulator, was favored by CaCl(2) and a pH of 4.0. The uptake of selenate and possibly selenite, is metabolically linked. Roots of a number of Astragalus species were examined, and in all cases selenate entered the roots much faster than selenite. In these shor...

Although Astragalus, Ligusticum and Schizandrae have a long history of medicinal use within the traditional Chinese system, only recently has the West begun to understand their pharmacological possibilities and clinical applications. Astragalus has demonstrated a wide range of immunopotentiating effects and has proven efficacious as an adjunct cancer therapy. Ligusticum, and its active componen...