It is increasingly recognised that population thinking is a basic characteristic of evolutionary economics. By taking its starting point in what is here called Marshall’s fable of the trees, the paper demonstrates that there are several forms of population thinking. The most basic form is intra-population thinking for single populations, and this thinking easily extends to structured population...

 We consider the problem of estimation the population mean of the study variate Y in presence of measurement errors when information on an auxiliary character X is known. A class of estimators for population means using information on an auxiliary variate X is defined. Expressions for its asymptotic bias and mean square error are obtained. Optimum conditions are obtained for which the mean...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate, in simulated external root resorptions (ERR), two factors that may affect results of digital subtraction radiography (DSR): (1) intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility and (2) effects of digital file formats (TIFF, BMP and JPEG) on the estimation of mineral loss. METHODS Eleven incisors were radiographed three times (NR, no resorption; SR, small--#1/4 round bur;...

Most contemporary implementations of the Berkeley Fast File System optimize file system throughput by allocating logically sequential data to physically contiguous disk blocks. This clustering is effective when there are many contiguous free blocks on the file system. But the repeated creation and deletion of files of varying sizes that occurs over time on active file systems is likely to cause...

We present a new family of algorithms that solve the bias problem in the equation-error based adaptive in nite impulse response (IIR) ltering. A novel constraint, called the constant-norm constraint, uni es the quadratic constraint and the monic one. By imposing the monic constraint on the mean square error (MSE) optimization, the merits of both constraints are inherited and the shortcomings ar...

Clustering has become a common trend in very long instruction words (VLIW) architecture to solve the problem of area, energy consumption, and design complexity. Register-file-connected clustered (RFCC) VLIW architecture uses the mechanism of global register file to accomplish the inter-cluster data communications, thus eliminating the performance and energy consumption penalty caused by explici...

Vegetation optical depth (VOD) retrieved from microwave remote sensing techniques has been used as an important proxy for monitoring the vegetation dynamics at large scales. In a first study we developed new X-VOD indice inversion of X-MEB model Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2, 2012-present) observations. The Advanced EOS (AMSR-E, 2002–2011) and AMSR2 share many characteristics, such loc...