In one of the many and fundamental side-remarks made by Turing in his 1950 paper (The Imitation Game paper), an analogy is made between Mechanism and Writing. Turing is aware that his Machine is a writing/re-writing mechanism, but he doesn’t go deeper into the comparison. Striding along the history of writing, we will hint here at the nature and the role of alphabetic writing in the invention o...

Dear Editor, Many years ago unprofessional supervisors were identified as one of the main reasons for the withdrawal of a student’s study. Recently in some universities, unethical supervision has become an increasing concern of students and ethic committees. The last few years has witnessed an increase in the withdrawal rate of students who quit their study because of the poor guidance of their...

in this research, accomplished consideration of fictional virtues of gabra ibrahim gabra in angle of his famous work, “research for valid mosoud” because of two cultural, social and literary progress modernism and post modernism is more obvious then his other works in form and con feat. gabra ibrahim gabra traced in this fictional work his artistic movement from modernism to post modernism in e...

the controversial theories of modern physics created a remarkable revolution in twentieth-century literature. the progressive novelists of the century, inspired by the concepts in quantum mechanics, expressed the concerns of living in the modern world in the form of non-linear, heterogeneous writing based on doubt. in his autobiographical work, entitled w or the childhood memory, george perec p...

Arnau de Vilanova, one of the most important physicians of the Latin Middle Ages, was familiar with the vast majority of Aristotle's works that had been translated into Latin. He used a wide range of them, such as the Organon--the introductory books on logic - and the natural philosophical books, which cover a different branches of knowledge. He used Aristotle as an authority, trying to reconci...

Adriane Fugh-Berman examines documents unsealed in recent litigation to investigate how pharmaceutical companies promoted hormone therapy drugs, including the use of medical writing companies to produce ghostwritten manuscripts and place them into medical journals.

Stream fusion [6] is a powerful technique for automatically transforming high-level sequence-processing functions into efficient implementations. It has been used to great effect in Haskell libraries for manipulating byte arrays, Unicode text, and unboxed vectors. However, some operations, like vector append, still do not perform well within the standard stream fusion framework. Others, like SI...

Methods: First, we constructed a questionnaire based on the descriptors collected from various sources in order to elicit university teachers’ views on the importance of these descriptors. A revised version was produced based on the feedback from the initial questionnaire survey. In order to further investigate what level or levels these remaining descriptors would fall into, 35 university teac...