BACKGROUND Because smallpox (variola major) may be used as a biological weapon, we reviewed outbreaks in post-World War II Europe and North America in order to understand smallpox transmission patterns. METHODS A systematic review was used to identify papers from the National Library of Medicine, Embase, Biosis, Cochrane Library, Defense Technical Information Center, WorldCat, and reference l...

The World Health Organization was established in 1948 as a specialized agency of the United Nations serving as the directing and coordinating authority for international health matters and public health. One of WHO’s constitutional functions is to provide objective and reliable information and advice in the field of human health, a responsibility that it fulfils in part through its publications...

From 1917 to 1918, Major Arthur Hurst filmed shell-shocked patients home from the war in France. Funded by the Medical Research Committee, and using Pathé cameramen, he recorded soldiers who suffered from intractable movement disorders as they underwent treatment at the Royal Victoria Hospital in Netley and undertook programs of occupational therapy at Seale Hayne in Devon. As one of the earlie...

Jakub Szynkiewicz lived in a very difficult time and had to make decisions that were oftentimes crucial motives effects of which cannot be judged easily. During the Second World War, he was surely faced with hopeless situations when responsible for not only himself his whole family but also Muslim community care entrusted him. For Karaitologists, relations Karaite are significance during interw...

OBJECTIVES To evaluate attempts in the military to screen for vulnerability to psychological disorders from World War I to the present. METHODS An extensive literature review was conducted by hand-searching leading medical and psychological journals relating to World Wars I and II. Recent publications were surveyed electronically and UK archives investigated for British applications. RESULT...

This is a brief overview of the development of cancer therapy with a focus on systemic therapy. The modern era of chemotherapy developed at Yale University Medical School during World War II, a fact that has been generally unrecognized until recently. The observations preceding and involved in the discovery of effective drugs for cancer seem particularly pertinent for this anniversary year.

This article first shows Jung's evolving views of Nazi Germany from 1936 to the beginning of World War II. In a lecture at the Tavistock Clinic, London, in October 1936, he made his strongest and most negative statements to that date about Nazi Germany. While in Berlin in September 1937 for lectures to the Jung Gesellschaft, his observations of Hitler at a military parade led him to conclude th...

World War II and its subsequent GI Bill have been widely credited with playing a transformative role in American society, but there have been few quantitative analyses of these historical events' broad social effects. We exploit between-cohort variation in the probability of military service to investigate how WWII and the GI Bill altered the structure of marriage, and find that it had importan...

134 Manuel Bromberg Soldiers Resting on Omaha Beach, Normandy 1945 Manuel Bromberg was a member of the War Artist Unit for England and Ireland during World War II and was present during the invasion of Normandy. He does an exceptional job of visualizing the variables of combat stress (the individual, the unit, and the battlefield) in this watercolor of three exhausted soldiers from World War II...

This historic-sociologic study aims to analyse the challenges faced by the Brazilian Expeditionary Force's Air Transportation Nurses of the Army with the Theatre of Operations on the course of World War II. The primary source was comprised of a photograph from this time period and oral testimonies of those who participated in the conflict. Ideas by sociologist Pierre Bourdieu support the discus...