Wood and charcoal fuels, widely used in Sierra Leone for cooking, may impact indoor air quality. Until now, there is presently lack of data to quantify the extent of impact. In this study, concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), suspended particulate matter (SPM) and carbon monoxide (CO) were measured in kitchens with wood and charcoal stoves during cooking in rural areas. PA...

To investigate the affinity of acetylated wood for organic liquids, Yezo spruce wood specimens were acetylated with acetic anhydride, and their swelling in various liquids were compared to those of untreated specimens. The acetylated wood was rapidly and remarkably swollen in aprotic organic liquids such as benzene and toluene in which the untreated wood was swollen only slightly and/or very sl...

Growth ring analysis on silicified coniferous woods from the Missão Velha Formation (Araripe Basin - Brazil) has yielded important information about periodicity of wood production during the Early Cretaceous in the equatorial belt. Despite warm temperatures, dendrological data indicate that the climate was characterized by cyclical alternation of dry and rainy periods influenced by cyclical pre...

Most interpreters for functional languages (as well as Lisp) employ at some level in the implementation a notion of sharing, whether manifested indirectly through an environment or directly via pointers. Sharing is essential to an efficient implementation, saving time by not recomputing values, and saving space by having only one copy of each value. From the perspective of lambda calculus, shar...

1389 C R E D IT : B E R N D T H IS S E N /D P A /C O R B IS Wood Energy: Predicting Costs THE POLICY FORUM “WOOD ENERGY IN America” (D. deB. Richter Jr. et al., 13 March, p. 1432) was a much-needed and long-overdue contribution to energy discussions. However, fossil fuels are not four times more expensive than wood per unit energy. Rather, most fossil fuels are still less expensive than wood in...

BACKGROUND About half of the world's population is exposed to smoke from burning biomass fuels at home. The high airborne particulate levels in these homes and the health burden of exposure to this smoke are well described. Burning unprocessed biological material such as wood and dried animal dung may also produce high indoor endotoxin concentrations. OBJECTIVE In this study we measured airbo...