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In waterjet and laser milling, material is removed from a solid surface in a succession of layers to create a new shape, in a depth-controlled manner. The inverse problem consists of defining the control parameters, in particular, the two-dimensional beam path, to arrive at a prescribed freeform surface. Waterjet milling (WJM) and pulsed laser ablation (PLA) are studied in this paper, since a g...

tio 2 nanoparticles (nps) might be considered as the most important photosensitizer due to high photocatalytic and sonocatalytic efficiency, low toxicity, excellent biocompatibility, low cost and high chemical stability. tio 2 -nps normally tend to aggregate in physiological medium and which results to decreased cell viability and inducing expression of stress-related genes. thus dispersion and...

Urban agglomeration economies are usually divided into two categories: urbanization economies and localization economies. In the 1970s and 1980s, a number of attempts were made to estimate urbanization economies and/or localization economies directly in the production function. Since the work by Glaeser et al. in 1992, however, historical effects on agglomeration called dynamic externalities in...

Unlike policy makers‟ belief that geographical proximity to incumbent exporters encourages non-exporters to start exporting through positive information externalities, the empirical evidence in early studies is mixed. To make a contribution to fill the gap, this paper reexamines the relationship between the spatial and industrial agglomeration of exporting firms and the probability of being an ...

Complicated solution environments in oiling-out crystallization can lead to particle agglomeration with wide size distribution and low purity of the products, due complex interactions among two liquid phases one solid phase during crystallization. This research mainly focuses on optimization by controlling process a model system propyl paraben–ethanol–water. Nucleation control technologies, wet...

Following on from the work of Goldstein and Gronberg, it is argued that under certain conditions, internal economies of scope form the bases for two types of agglomeration economy. These differ from two more familiar types, which are based on internal and external economies of scale. A further two types of agglomeration economy are shown to derive from different forms of external economy. The c...

Present review on the topic explores the different techniques of spherical agglomeration employed in pharmaceutical sciences and their potential applications in developing new particulate systems of drug. Spherical agglomeration is a particle engineering technique which transforms the fine crystals into spherical particles in a single step. These techniques applied in development of new systems...

Purpose: This study determined total surface energy distributions using an Inverse Gas Chromatography (IGC) to understand the de-agglomeration of fine lactose powders commonly used in dry powder inhaler formulations. Methods: The particle size distribution (PSD) of two lactose samples, Lactohale 300 (Lac A) and micronized lactose (Lac B), were determined by laser diffraction in liquid media, an...

Transport investments can induce positive productivity benefits via agglomeration economies by increasing the scale and efficiency of spatial economic interactions. In assessing the ‘agglomeration benefits’ of transport investments we need to understand the spatial scale over which these externalities are distributed. This report is concerned with the effect of urban agglomeration on productivi...