We study the packet dispersion phenomenon that a traffic flow experiences when it passes through a router. We show that when there are competing flows and the router schedules packets first-come-first-served (FCFS), the dispersion is not described well by the bottleneck spacing effect. We therefore introduce the term FCFS-spacing effect. We also show that for a router implementing weighted fair...

Stereological methods for serial sections traditionally assume that the sections are exactly equally spaced. In reality, the spacing and thickness of sections can be quite irregular. This may affect the validity and accuracy of stereological techniques, especially the Cavalieri estimator of volume. We present a new formula for the accuracy of the Cavalieri estimator that includes the effect of ...

The relationship between species richness and the occupation of niche space can provide insight into the processes that shape patterns of biodiversity. For example, if species interactions constrained coexistence, one might expect tendencies toward even spacing within niche space and positive relationships between diversity and total niche volume. I use morphological diversity of passerine bird...

Spatial order is the organizing principle of the visual areas in the brain. But to what extent does this spatial mapping help us see where things are? Observers trained to perfectly recall the spatial order of seven items presented simultaneously for 5 s were asked to report their order when flashed for only 150 ms. We found that the capacity for perceiving the order of these brief stimuli was ...

We measured the supernumerary spacing parameter of the first- and second-order rainbows of two glass rods, each having an approximately elliptical cross section, as a function of the rod's rotation angle. We attribute large fluctuations in the supernumerary spacing parameter to small local inhomogeneities in the rod's refractive index. The low-pass filtered first-order rainbow experimental data...

tuberose (polianthes tuberosa l.) is one of the most important cut flowers in tropical and subtropical areas. this flower has forth order in cut flower and second order in bulbous plants production in iran. plant spacing and nitrogen necessity are the most important factors for tuberose quality and quantity. in this study, field experiment carried out as factorial design in randomized complete ...

the effect of γ-al2o3 nanoparticles on heat transfer rate, baffle spacing and pressure drop in the shell side of small shell and tube heat exchangers was investigated numerically under turbulent regime. γ-al2o3-water nanofluids and pure water were used in the shell side and the tube side of heat exchangers, respectively. since the properties of γ-al2o3-water nanofluids were variable, they were ...