in 1930s, the idea of providing general welfare and welfare state appeared in industrial countries due to the belief in the ability of left forces in solving misfortunes that people entangled in; because of financial crisis in industrialized societies, expanded poverty, starvation and epidemic diseases which led millions of people to the hopelessness. welfare states achieved outstanding success...

animal welfare considerations are becoming increasingly important for farming of animals, both in tunisia and internationally. practices which may have once been deemed acceptable are now being reassessed in the light of new knowledge and changing attitudes. and a clearly defined concept of welfare is needed for use in precise scientific measurements. if animal welfare is to be compared in diff...

The government plays a crucial role in regulating the closed-loop supply chain (CLSC). We investigated reward-penalty mechanism (RPM) for manufacturer and subsidy (SM) collector CLSCs. government’s goal is to maximize social welfare. Based on centralized decentralized decision-making models without intervention, we developed two CLSC where rewards or penalizes subsidizes collector. Then, impact...

The methodology for the scientific assessment of animal welfare has developed rapidly in recent years and has become a major scientific discipline. The concepts of welfare, need, stress, health, pain, emotion and feeling are now clarified. In teaching, legislation and practical work referring to animal welfare, a clear definition that can be related to other concepts is needed. The welfare of a...

1 From the Research Section, Tuberculosis Program, Communicable Disease Center, Public Health Service, Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Bethesda, Maryland. "Present address: Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205. 3 Present address: Division of Occupational Health, Public Health Service, Department of Heal...