ers of <20 μL often leak while 30 μL of wax results in approximately a 2 mm space between the upper and lower aqueous reagents. Second, the temperature at which mixing occurs depends on both the melting point of the wax and the amount of wax present. We have found that the upper aqueous layer does not enter the bottom layer until the tube has reached >80°C. We determined when the upper aqueous ...

Idealized system design produces requirements reflecting management intentions and “best practices.” This paper proposes a workaround design system (WDS) for anticipating, designing, and/or preventing workarounds that bypass systems as designed. A WDS includes a process and an interactive “workaround design tool” (WDT) for identifying and evaluating foreseeable workarounds based on work system ...

BACKGROUND Waxes are esters of long-chain fatty acids and long-chain alcohols. Their principal natural sources are animals (sperm whale oil) and vegetables (jojoba) which are expensive and not easily available. Wax esters synthesized by enzymatic transesterification, using palm stearin as raw material, can be considered as an alternative to natural ones. RESULTS Palm stearin is a solid fracti...

A …rst-order linear di¤erence system under rational expectations is, AEyt+1jIt = Byt +C(F)ExtjIt; where yt is a vector of endogenous variables; xt is a vector of exogenous variables; Eyt+1jIt is the expectation of yt+1 given date t information; and C(F)ExtjIt = C0xt+ C1Ext+1jIt + ::: + CnExt+njIt. Many economic models can be written in this form, especially if the matrix A is permitted to be si...

We present a technique called white-light diffraction tomography (WDT) for imaging microscopic transparent objects such as live unlabelled cells. The approach extends diffraction tomography to white-light illumination and imaging rather than scattering plane measurements. Our experiments were performed using a conventional phase contrast microscope upgraded with a module to measure quantitative...

Grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) wax is composed mainly of aldehydes, alcohols, and acids. Aldehydes, comprising about one-half of the wax, are readily converted to acids in presence of air. In this study, whole sorghum wax and an aldehyde fraction from sorghum wax were subjected to oxidative conditions. Changes in the major components and thermal transition temperatures were determined using HP...

Wax-based additives have been widely used in asphalt pavement for their preferable environmental benefits. However, poor compatibility between wax-based warm mix and easily leads to precipitation of wax cracking pavement. Plasma treatment can effectively modify the surface various materials. This study applies plasma improve properties improvement binder. Compatibility two different wax-base bi...

The vast occurrence of mine drainage worldwide, documented in descriptive studies, presents a staggering challenge for remediation. Any tool that can move beyond descriptive study and helps to evaluate options for remediation in a way that maximizes improvements to the water quality of streams and minimizes cost of remediation could save valuable resources and time. A reactive solute transport ...