While the Maasai have to be among sub-Saharan Africa’s most mobile population due to their traditional transhumant pastoral livelihood strategy, compared with other neighboring ethnic groups they have been relatively late to migrate in substantial numbers for wage labour opportunities. In the community of Elangata Wuas in Southern Kenya, international migration for employment abroad has been ve...

Foraging home ranges of Black Brant Branta bernicla nigricans (n = 8) were quantified to determine proportional use of available intertidal habitat during spring migration stopover at Humboldt Bay, California, USA. The average foraging range area was 232 ha (s.d. ± 156 ha) of which 114 ha (s.d. ± 43 ha) was comprised of their primary food, eelgrass Zostera marina; the other habitats included mu...

nowadays, many governments have found that the main cause of water crises in agricultural sector related to neglecting farmers’ role in irrigation and drainage networks management. water users association has been considered in order to transferring irrigation management to local beneficiaries. if farmers' opinion toward such transferring don't be investigated, it may lead to failure....

The active cooperation between a Primary User (PU) and a Cognitive User (CU) has the potential of leading to a transmission power reduction and transmission rate increase for both the PU and the CU. Alternatively, the required bandwidth may be reduced and the freed bandwidth may be leased to a group of CUs for their secondary communications. More explicitly, our cooperative protocol allows a CU...

As the demand on frequency spectrum continues to grow rapidly,the dynamic spectrum access by cognitive radio technologies becomes a hot research problem and a promising approach to increase the efficiency of spectrum utilization.In previous research, there is no inter-cooperation between primary and secondary users. So we wonder if we introduce a cooperative pattern, the performance of the whol...

This paper investigates the benefits that cooperative communication brings to cognitive radio networks. We focus on cooperative Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) technology, where multiple distributed single-antenna secondary users cooperate on data transmission and reception. Three cooperative MIMO paradigms are proposed to maximize the diversity gain and significantly improve the performa...

Under the circumstance of WEB2.0, staff, supply chain users and the public take effective part in the innovative process of the enterprise by adopting such online interactive tools as the blog, Wiki and RSS, which will complete the cooperative innovation among the enterprise, staff, supply chain users and the public. The group cooperative innovation will experience the knowledge creative proces...

Cooperative ambient intelligence provides users and groups of users with seamless and flexible support for communication and work in groups at one location and among groups at distributed locations. Autonomous and adaptive cooperative ubiquitous environments that are conceptually elegant, technologically sound and user-centred provide vital contributions for their success. This article characte...

In a heterogeneous cellular network (HetNet), consider that a base station in the HetNet is able to simultaneously schedule and serve K users in the downlink by performing the power-domain nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA) scheme. This paper aims at the preliminary study on the downlink coverage and throughput performances of the HetNet with the non-cooperative and the (proposed) cooperative...