over a period of three months (summer), 108 samples of water collected from four hospitals in te-hran. they were taken from numerous potable and non-potable water, including main supply cis-terns, calorifiers, hot and cold tap water, shower, cooling tower and drain of air condition system. culturing of concentrated and non-concentrated water samples on buffered charcoal yeast extract (bcye) aga...

Dear Editors, The recent letter to the journal entitled ‘Irrigating methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-colonised and -infected chronic wounds – why use tap water?’ by Nagoba et al. (1) provides an opportunity for a deeper discussion from different perspectives. After the Second World War, advancement of water purification has greatly reduced human disease. Especially in the recent 10 y...

BACKGROUND Current priorities for diarrhoeal disease prevention include use of sanitation and safe water. There have been few attempts to quantify the importance of animal faeces in drinking-water contamination, despite the presence of potentially water-borne zoonotic pathogens in animal faeces. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to quantify the relationship between livestock ownership and point-of-...

When surface water is used to supply urban settlements, exhaustive studies of the composition of the source are necessary to ensure its potability, and to assess the possible environmental effects associated with contamination by pesticides. The present study centers on the pesticide content of the waters from a section of the Guadalquivir River and its affluents in southern Spain. At many of t...

Introduction: Neutron contamination is very harmful for the patients receiving radiation therapy due to the high relative biological effect of neutrons. Medical linear accelerators head are made up of materials with high atomic numbers, and High-energy photons interaction with heavy materials can produce neutron contamination. In this study, neutron equivalent dose, neutron spe...

the irrigated area of jaguaribe, ceara, brazil is considered important region of agribusiness ofthe country due to the installation of various fruit exporting companies. the present work has as main objectiveinvestigate twelve types of pesticides (molinate, atrazine, methyl parathion, malathion, chlorpyrifos, fenitrothion,pendimenthalin, triazophos, bentazone, azoxystrobin, propiconazole, difen...

BACKGROUND Urban slums in developing countries that are not recognized by the government often lack legal access to municipal water supplies. This results in the creation of insecure "informal" water distribution systems (i.e., community-run or private systems outside of the government's purview) that may increase water-borne disease risk. We evaluate an informal water distribution system in a ...

BACKGROUND In the sub-urban areas of Kampala city, springs are a major source of water for domestic use. Though spring water is considered to be aesthetically acceptable for domestic use, presence of poorly designed pit latrines, poor solid waste management as well as poor and inadequate spring protection, may lead to contamination of spring water with pathogenic bacteria. OBJECTIVES The obje...

A screening in a sugar snap packaging company showed a converged build-up of aerobic psychrotrophic plate count (APC) (ca. 6.5 log CFU/100mL), yeasts and molds (Y&M), and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) (both ca. 4.5 log CFU/100mL) in the wash water in the absence of water sanitizer, and a low build-up of chemical oxygen demand (30 ± 5 mg O2/L) and turbidity (5.2 ± 1.1 NTU). Decontamination experime...