Geysers, which involve the explosive release of water through vertical shafts connected to a nearly horizontal pipeline, have been attributed to either pipeline surge or the release of air. Laboratory experiments involving the release of a large entrapped pocket of air through a surcharged vertical riser indicate that the air can force water upward in the shaft but that a jet such as seen in vi...

The process of hydraulic fracturing for recovery of oil and natural gas uses large amounts of fresh water and produces a comparable amount of wastewater, much of which is typically transported by truck. Truck transport of water is an expensive and energy-intensive process with significant external costs including roads damages, and pollution. The integrated development plan (IDP) is the industr...

background the non-revenue water refers to a difference between the volume of water entering the system and billed authorized consumption. objectives the main purpose of this study is to determine the volume of non-revenue water in order to recognize the factors influencing water losses so that the information gathered can used in non-revenue water reduction management. materials and methods ka...

this paper presents a k- turbulence model for simulation of steady current and itsinduced vortex shedding caused by the presence of an offshore pipeline. performance of the modelaround a circular cylinder above a wall with gap to diameter ratios of 0.1, 0.35 and 0.5 underdifferent flow regimes with reynolds numbers of 1500, 2500 and 7000 is studied. the flow field iscomputed with solving the re...