Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disorder that requires careful management. Water intoxication with hyponatremia is rare condition that originated from overhydration. Water intoxication, also known as dilutional hyponatremia, develops only because the intake of water exceeds the kidney's ability to eliminate water. Causes of this water intoxication include psychiatric disorder, force...

introduction: dopamine is one member of catecholamine, which has a crusial role in the regulation of feeding behavior. the peripheral injection of dopamine agonistssuch as bromocriptine causes anorexia. the aim of this study is to show how this drugacts. the reason for this selection is due to its importance in the regulation of food intake. materials & methods: sixty three adult male rats (280...

Water and 1.8% NaCl intake was recorded daily in adult male rats (N = 6) submitted to four water deprivations plus four sodium appetite tests, each at the end of each 7-day interval, or in controls (non-deprived, N = 6). Water deprivation was achieved by removing water and 1.8% NaCl for 24 h. Water was then offered for 2 h. At the end of this period, 1.8% NaCl was also offered in addition to wa...

In 5 dogs which ingested 25 or 50 ml. of D20 with one daily meal, maximal plasma concentrations of tracer were reached in 12-24 hr. The disappearance rate during 14 days was exponential, confirming studies of others in humans. Water turnover, calculated from values obtained for body water and the disappearance rates, agreed well with total water intake, which included water taken as such and th...

INTRODUCTION Accurate estimates of water intake and hydration status in populations are essential to identify populations at risk of dehydration and define strategies to improve standards of water intake. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the hydration status and the contribution of food and beverages to the total water intake in a sample of free-living physically active Portuguese elderly. METHODS A s...

OBJECTIVE Reduced intake of sweetened caloric beverages (SCBs) is recommended to lower total energy intake. Replacing SCBs with non-caloric diet beverages does not automatically lower energy intake, however. Compensatory increases in other food or beverages reportedly negate benefits of diet beverages. The purpose of this study was to evaluate drinking water as an alternative to SCBs. RESEARC...

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is produced by and released from the small intestine following ingestion of nutrients. GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists applied peripherally or centrally decrease food intake and increase glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. These effects make the GLP-1 system an attractive target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. In addition to these mo...