A large-scale pilot distribution study was conducted to investigate the impacts of blending different source waters on distribution water qualities, with an emphasis on metal release (i.e. corrosion). The principal source waters investigated were conventionally treated ground water (G1), surface water processed by enhanced treatment (S1), and desalted seawater by reverse osmosis membranes (RO)....

This paper addresses the problem of leakage in water distribution systems through the use of ground penetrating radar (GPR) as a nondestructive method. Laboratory tests are performed to extract features of water leakage from the obtained GPR images. Moreover, a test in a real-world urban system under real conditions is performed. Feature extraction is performed by interpreting GPR images with t...

Drinking, cooking, and many other activities need the use of water on a daily basis; however, large amount is lost in enterprises public utilities. In light this, we came up with plan to cut down waste. Our goal automate delivery, detect theft, avoid waste, determine pH TDS values using PLC-controlled system. The level can be determined by utilizing laser based liquid Sensor. leakage detected v...