While chemical warfare agents have been used in military conflict for decades, it is only in the last two decades that increased attention has been paid to the acute and chronic health effects associated with exposure to these agents. The subsequent reports of ill-defined illnesses in the veterans of the Gulf War of 1991, followed by the 1995 sarin terrorist attack in the Japanese subway system...

Due to many cyber attacks in the last years, governments are realizing how vulnerable they have become should there be a break out of a cyberwar. This urged them to establish a cyber warfare information infrastructure in a short time. However, this cyber warfare information infrastructure relies heavily on public infrastructures, like electricity and the Internet, which will be most likely targ...

Background: The major bottleneck for determination of 3 D structures of proteins using X-rays is the production of diffraction quality crystals. Often proteins are subjected to chemical modification to improve the chances of crystallization Results: Here, we report the successful crystallization of a nuclease employing a reductive methylation protocol. The key to crystallization was the success...

Prior to the 1950s the prevalent view of the ancient Maya was as a peaceful people. ln 1952, Robert Rands completed his Ph. D. thesis on the evidences of warfare in Classic Maya art, following up on the important work just completed by Tatia-na Proskouriakoff (1950). Since then, research has rapidly accumulated substantial documentation that the Maya were in fact warlike (cf. Marcus 1974; Repet...

Leaf-cutting ants are well known for their highly complex social organization, which provides them with a strong defense against parasites invading their colonies. Besides this attribute, these insects have morphological, physiological and structural characteristics further reinforcing the defense of their colonies. With the discovery of symbiotic bacteria present on the integument of leaf-cutt...

Background and aim: Chronic skin lesions are common late complications of sulfur mustard intoxication which would result in numerous complaints including pruritus, skin dryness and burn feeling. In chemical warfare injured veterans, pruritus is the most common complaint in chronic status with significant effects on patient's quality of life. This study has evaluated efficacy of topical ph...

In this research urogenital complications of 300 veterans with the average age of 32.7+_6.5 years were studied for two years( 1995-1996) . They were selected randomly in Kerman province based  on having at least one exposure to chemical warfare, six to ten years before the study. The control group was selected among the troops whom were not exposed to chemical warfare and had an average age of ...

Blood revenge is one of the most commonly cited causes of violence and warfare in tribal societies, yet it is largely ignored in recent anthropological theories of primitive warfare. A theory of tribal violence is presented showing how homicide, revenge, kinship obligations, and warfare are linked and why reproductive variables must be included in explanations of tribal violence and warfare. St...

The People’s Republic of China (PRC) may be a global power economically but its military lacks force projection beyond the Asia Pacific region. Its traditional military hardware is one to three generations behind the US and Russia. In light of these deficiencies it is probable that cyber warfare will provide China with an asymmetric advantage to deter aggression from stronger military powers as...