Previous studies of differential gene expression in sleep and wake pooled transcripts from all brain cells and showed that several genes expressed at higher levels during sleep are involved in the synthesis/maintenance of membranes in general and of myelin in particular, a surprising finding given the reported slow turnover of many myelin components. Other studies showed that oligodendrocyte pr...

Orexin-producing neurons are clearly essential for the regulation of wakefulness and sleep because loss of these cells produces narcolepsy. However, little is understood about how these neurons dynamically interact with other wake- and sleep-regulatory nuclei to control behavioral states. Using survival analysis of wake bouts in wild-type and orexin knockout mice, we found that orexins are nece...

A flight deck display that allows the pilot to “see” the neighboring aircraft, as well as its wake, may allow for a decrease in spacing and an increase in airport and airspace capacity, while maintaining safe separation distances from wake vortices. This research evaluates a model based on aircraft parameters that are readily available in flight to predict aircraft wake vortices in real time. U...

sensory information and to modify existing associations mune function, endocrine function, and more. Long-term deprivation, whether induced experimentally in animals with appropriate deliberation. or induced by disease in humans, invariably leads to Naturally, it is tempting to speculate about the mecha-death. So our relative ignorance regarding the function nistic role of NCS-1 in plasticity. ...

The effect of weak buoyancy on the laminar flow of a fluid with kinematic viscosity ν, isobaric expansion coefficient β past a isothermally heated horizontal plate of length L and temperature T∞+∆T is aligned under a small angle of attack φ to the oncoming free stream (velocity U∞, temperature T∞) will be investigated in the distinguished limit of large Reynolds numbers Re with the “reduced” bu...

Free-vortex wake models are capable of providing an accurate and physically detailed representation of the main rotor wake for flight dynamics simulation. Recent advances in computing power and efficient algorithms have made it feasible to use free wakes for real-time simulation. The CHARM free-vortex wake model was integrated with the GENHEL flight dynamics simulation of the UH-60A helicopter....

Fish larvae may intercept their own wake during sharp turns, which might affect their escape performance. We analysed C-starts of larval zebrafish (Danio rerio, Hamilton, 1822) using a computational fluid dynamics approach that simulates free swimming (swimming trajectory is determined by fluid forces) by coupling hydrodynamics and body dynamics. The simulations show that fish may intercept the...

The wake states resulting from the controlled oscillation of a cylinder transverse to the free stream are presented. A new wake state is revealed by instantaneous measurements of the total and vortex lift phases, and the phase-referenced, quantitative wake structure. This ‘‘intermediate wake state’’ occurs at oscillation frequencies between the previously observed lowand high-frequency states. ...