The cortical area map is initially patterned by transcription factor (TF) gradients in the neocortical primordium, which define a "protomap" in the embryonic ventricular zone (VZ). However, mechanisms that propagate regional identity from VZ progenitors to cortical plate (CP) neurons are unknown. Here we show that the VZ, subventricular zone (SVZ), and CP contain distinct molecular maps of regi...

Evolutionary elaboration of tissues starts with changes in the genome and location of the stem cells. For example, GABAergic interneurons of the mammalian neocortex are generated in the ventral telencephalon and migrate tangentially to the neocortex, in contrast to the projection neurons originating in the ventricular/subventricular zone (VZ/SVZ) of the dorsal telencephalon. In human and nonhum...

The molecular machinery governing glutamatergic-GABAergic neuronal subtype specification is unclear. Here we describe a cerebellar mutant, cerebelless, which lacks the entire cerebellar cortex in adults. The primary defect of the mutant brains was a specific inhibition of GABAergic neuron production from the cerebellar ventricular zone (VZ), resulting in secondary and complete loss of external ...

Fungal empyema is an emerging clinical entity associated with a high mortality rate (1). We describe a case of a patient with empyema thoracis due to Aspergillus fumigatus successfully treated by chest tube drainage associated with voriconazole (VZ). Pleural concentrations of VZ demonstrated adequate pleural diffusion of this drug. An 82-year-old patient was admitted for weight loss and a left ...

In the cerebellum, the bHLH transcription factors Ptf1a and Atoh1 are expressed in distinct neuroepithelial regions, the ventricular zone (VZ) and the rhombic lip (RL), and are required for producing GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons, respectively. However, it is unclear whether Ptf1a or Atoh1 is sufficient for specifying GABAergic or glutamatergic neuronal fates. To test this, we generated t...

ALL CEREBELLAR NEURONS DERIVE FROM PROGENITORS THAT PROLIFERATE IN TWO GERMINAL NEUROEPITHELIA: the ventricular zone (VZ) generates GABAergic neurons, whereas the rhombic lip is the origin of glutamatergic types. Among VZ-derivatives, GABAergic projection neurons, and interneurons are generated according to distinct strategies. Projection neurons (Purkinje cells and nucleo-olivary neurons) are ...

The Interball spacecraft configuration favors, in contrast to previous experiments, investigation of vertical ion flows (GSM Vz). We use measurements of the CORALL instrument for the statistical study of Vz and Vy plasma flows in the mid-tail plasma sheet. In agreement with the previous observations, the mean Vy was positive on the dusk side and negative on the dawn side. When IMF was southward...

Neurons and glia are thought to arise from multipotent and self-renewing stem cells, which comprise the majority of neuroepithelial cells in the ventricular zone (VZ) of the early embryonic CNS. However, this idea remains to be tested rigorously, because CNS stem cells have been identified only by using in vitro assays, from which their abundance in vivo cannot be directly inferred. In the hema...

Successful cell division in neural progenitors in the neocortical ventricular zone (VZ), as in all dividing cells, depends critically upon coordinating chromosome segregation during mitosis with cytokinesis. This coordination further suggests that common molecular regulators may link events in mitosis with those in cytokinesis. Recent genetic evidence indicates that cytokinesis in CNS neuronal ...

This work presents an application of convex optimization and algebraic geometry in devising secure, powerefficient, beam-steerable, and on-chip transmission systems for wireless networks. First, we introduce a passively controllable smart (PCS) antenna system that can be programmed to generate different radiation patterns in far field by adjusting its variable passive controller at every signal...