In this paper; we have reviewed different type of frequency calibration and tuning design, independent from PVT variation. Almost every frequency synthesizer faces these natural process, voltage, and temperature (PVT) variation in modern application design. Generating an accurate frequency reference is desirable, and as it often require, minimum time to achieve optimal tuning frequency and less...

A frequency synthesizer employing a new digitalfrequency measurement method in a feedback loop is described. The synthesizer features high-frequency resolution and a high operating frequency. The mostly digital nature of the synthesizer and relaxed voltage-controlled oscillator requirements also make the synthesizer suitable for integration. Models for the synthesizer are developed and experime...

The voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) is a critical sub-block in communications transceivers. The role of the VCO in a transceiver and the VCO requirements are first reviewed. The necessity of GHz VCOs and the driving factors towards the monolithic integration of the VCO are examined. VCO design techniques are outlined and design trade-offs are explored. The performance of VCOs in different i...

A 60 GHz cross-coupled differential voltage controlled oscillator is designed in 130 nm CMOS technology. The tuning range is from 57GHz to 66GHz, with an estimated phase noise of -93 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset. The oscillator employs fundamental 30 GHz VCO followed by doublers and buffers. Key-Words: CMOS, 60GHz, VCO, wide tuning range, phase noise

This paper describes the design and fabrication of a clock and data recovery circuit (CDR). We propose a new clock and data recovery which is based on a 1/4-rate frequency detector (QRFD). The proposed frequency detector helps reduce the VCO frequency and is thus advantageous for high speed application. The proposed frequency detector can achieve low jitter operation and extend the pull-in rang...

In this paper, a new differential delay cell is proposed and 16-bit Digital Controlled Oscillator (DCO) based on proposed delay cell is designed. The 16-bit DCO consist of 4-stages differential delay cell in ring structure and a digital control scheme has been used to improved noise characteristics. The structure of the DCO utilizes dual delay path techniques to achieve high oscillation frequen...

The frequency of a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) varies with the voltage applied to its tuning port. Operating in a phase-locked loop (PLL), the VCO provides a stable local oscillator (LO) for frequency conversion in superheterodyne receivers. VCOs are also used in transmit chains, where they upconvert the baseband signal to a radio frequency (RF) suitable for transmission over the airwav...

Here, two new designs of CMOS digitally controlled oscillators (DCO) for low power application have been proposed. First design has been implemented with one driving strength controlled delay cell and with two NAND gates used as inverters. The second design with one delay cell and by two NOR gates is presented. The proposed circuits have been simulated in spice with 0.35 μm (micrometer) technol...

This paper presents an improved design of voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) utilizing the three differential cell CMOS inverters for forming the ring oscillator. The differential cell reduces the power supply fluctuations impact on the oscillator jitter while the negative feedback from frequency to voltage converter reduces the jitter at high frequencies. Finally the proposed model is designe...

Realisation scheme of a linear voltage controlled quadrature oscillator (LVCQO) using the new second generation conveyor (VCII) is proposed. The topology utilizes pair matched analog multiplier devices coupled appropriately with VCII, as active building block (ABB). oscillation frequency (fo) linearly tunable by control (V); experimental verification exhibits tuning-range upto fo∼10MHz measured...