this article contends that legitimacy in the exercise of power comes from the consent of those subject to it. in global health, this implies that the participation of poor country citizens is required for the legitimacy of major actors and institutions. but a review of institutions and processes suggests that this participation is limited or absent. particularly because of the complex political...

introduction: the every possible attempt in voice disorders assessment is to gather samples which represent individual s’ actual voice in the daily speech. the researchers have found that voice characteristics in reading a passage are closer to daily speech. making texts has been started since early 20th century. the lack o f suitable text in farsi language makes it difficult to conduct requisi...

Introduction: Laryngeal burns cause long-term voice disorders due to mucosal changes of the vocal folds. Inhalation injuries affect voice production and result in changes in the mucosal thickness and voice quality.   Case Report: A 47-year-old woman was transferred to our department with laryngeal burns sustained during a house fire. On laryngoscopic examination, mucosal waves of both vocal fol...

Given the importance of public financial management for people well-being, most countries around world have Supreme Audit Institutions (SAIs) as an instrument to help achieve better Public Financial Management. SAIs play a key role in ensuring accountability. This paper aims investigate determinants Institutions’ effectiveness Sub-Saharan Africa. Models are estimated sample from 45 countries. T...

OBJECTIVE Community participation is often described as a key for primary health care in low-income countries. Recent performance-based financing (PBF) initiatives have renewed the interest in this strategy by questioning the accountability of those in charge at the health centre (HC) level. We analyse the place of two downward accountability mechanisms in a PBF scheme: health committees electe...

Private or voluntary health insurance (VHI) does not play a significant role in many health systems in the European Union (EU), either in terms of funding or as a means of gaining access to health care. In most EU member states it accounts for less than 5% of total expenditure on health and covers a relatively small proportion of the population (see Table 1). The exceptions to this trend are Fr...

Introduction The National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) has initiated community-based institutions at various levels of the health system e.g. Arogya Raksha Samithi (ARS) and Planning and Monitoring Committee (PMC) at Primary Health Center (PHC) level while the Village Health and Sanitation Committee (VHSC) at the revenue village level. These institutions are intended to create awareness about he...

this article engages with debates about the conceptualisation and practical challenges of patient and public involvement (ppi) in health and social care services. policy in this area in england has shifted numerous times but increasingly a consumerist discourse seems to override more democratic ideas concerning the relationship between citizens and public services. recent policy change in engla...