Introduction – Smoking and Non-smoking Guns: Sometimes it may seem obvious that a lateral gene transfer (LGT) event has occurred. For example, consider the fact that a multi-gene phylogenetic analysis of Rafflesiacaea, a family of flowering plants that includes Rafflesia arnoldii, which has the largest flower in the world, places it within the order Malpighiales, a diverse order containing such...

We describe a gall midge Parampelomyia yukawai Elsayed and Tokuda gen. nov. sp. belonging to the subtribe Schizomyiina (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae: Asphondyliini) based on an integrative taxonomic study. This species forms barely-swollen flower bud galls porcelain berry Ampelopsis brevipedunculata var. heterophylla (Vitaceae) in Japan. The new genus is distinguishable from all known schizomyiine ge...


 Grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) belong to the family Vitaceae that are best source of energy. The present research was focused increase shelf life and controlling amount fruit losses by optimizing dose gamma radiation proximate analysis post radiation. In study, grape samples were exposed three doses i.e. 0.5, 0.8 1 KGy. Nutritional value grapes after analyzed determine change in composition....