We use the Vietnam war draft avoidance behavior documented by Card and Lemieux [Card, D., Lemieux, T., May 2001. Did draft avoidance raise college attendance during the Vietnam war? American Economic Review 91 (2), 97-102] as a quasi experiment to infer causation from education to smoking and find strong evidence that education, whether measured in years of completed schooling or in educational...

A model of a 9-month exploratory psychotherapy group for male Vietnam War veterans diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) who also experienced childhood physical and sexual abuse is presented. Recent literature delineating an association between combat PTSD and earlier childhood abuse is briefly reviewed and forms the basis for a new treatment strategy. A trauma group psychotherapy...

BACKGROUND This study was undertaken to determined the differences in injury patterns between soldiers equipped with modern body armor in an urban environment compared with the soldiers of the Vietnam War. METHODS From July 1998 to March 1999, data were collected for a retrospective analysis on all combat casualties sustained by United States military forces in Mogadishu, Somalia, on October ...

BACKGROUND Self-reported psychiatric status of Australian Vietnam war veterans was determined 20-25 years after the war and its relation to combat was investigated. METHOD A simple random sample of Australian Army Vietnam veterans was interviewed nationally using standardized interviews and self-completion tests to assess the prevalence of lifetime and current psychiatric illness and its rela...

Invisible war wounds have garnered more attention since the Vietnam War. One recent development in this area of study is the concept of moral injury, which was introduced in 2009. Moral injury is as a shame-based reaction in response to a moral transgression, which was perpetrated or witnessed by an individual who had personal agency (or at least the perception of agency) in the outcome of the ...

BACKGROUND There are concerns regarding the validity of combat exposure reports of veterans seeking treatment for combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) within US Veterans Affairs Medical Centers. AIMS To verify combat exposure history for a relevant sample through objective historical data. METHOD Archival records were reviewed from the US National Military Personnel Records ...

Laos is a small country about the size of Utah. A Lao physician jokingly told me with a sad smile that "Americans thought Laos was a part of Vietnam during the war." The war in Laos was, however, an intentional secret war. The number of bombs dropped during the Vietnam War was greater than the bombs dropped in Europe during World War II. This bombing, which left an enormous number ofUXOs (unexp...

presentations, treatment, prognosis, and non-clinical aspects such as medico-legal, ethical, and counseling aspects of the disease. Occasionally, the British perspective makes it slightly less relevant to the U.S., and, sometimes, molecular terms are not explained (e.g., gag, pol, sor, and the like), which would force readers who have not been trained recently to do some background research. Of...