The orographic gravity wave drag produced in flow over an axisymmetric mountain when both vertical wind shear and non-hydrostatic effects are important was calculated using a semi-analytical two-layer linear model, including unidirectional or directional constant wind shear in a layer near the surface, above which the wind is constant. The drag behaviour is determined by partial wave reflection...

[1] Dispersion of the tracer sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) during the Southern Ocean Iron Enrichment Experiment (SOIREE) provided an estimate of vertical exchange at the base of the surface mixed layer (60 m) at 61 S 140 E. Budget analysis confirmed that the SF6 patch was well constrained by surface mapping, with the decline in total SF6 showing good agreement with that predicted from wind speed p...

The generation and destruction of stratification in the surface mixed layer of the ocean is understood to result from vertical turbulent transport of buoyancy and momentum driven by air–sea fluxes and stresses. In this paper, it is shown that the magnitude and penetration of vertical fluxes are strongly modified by horizontal gradients in buoyancy and momentum. A classic example is the strong r...

Typhoon 9707 (Opal) was observed with the VHF-band Middle and Upper atmosphere (MU) radar, an L-band boundary layer radar (BLR), and a vertical-pointing C-band meteorological radar at the Shigaraki MU Observatory in Shiga prefecture, Japan on 20 June 1997. The typhoon center passed about 80 km southeast from the radar site. Mesoscale precipitating clouds developed due to warmmoist airmass trans...

The paper describes an observer capable of detecting the impingement on a wind turbine rotor of the wake of an upstream machine. The observer estimates the local wind speed and turbulence intensity on the left and right parts of the rotor disk. The estimation is performed based on blade loads measured by strain gages or optical fibers, sensors which are becoming standard equipment on many moder...

The principal rainband in tropical cyclones is currently depicted as a solitary and continuous precipitation region. However, the airborne radar observations of the principal rainband in TyphoonHagupit (2008) reveal multiple subrainband structures. These subbands possess many characteristics of the squall lines with trailing stratiform in themidlatitudes and are different from those documented ...

[1] A three‐dimensional large‐eddy simulation with size‐resolved ice microphysics was used to model persistent contrails and compute their optical depth and area coverage. Eleven cases were run with various levels of vertical wind shear, aircraft type, relative humidity, ice nuclei effective emission index, and atmospheric stability and were analyzed with respect to their fluid dynamics and ice...

Surface wind vector measurements over the oceans are vital for scientists and forecasters to understand the Earth's global weather and climate. In the last two decades operational measurements of global ocean wind speeds were obtained from passive microwave radiometers (SSM/I’s); and over this period, full ocean surface wind vector data were obtained from several NASA and ESA scatterometry miss...

Vector surface turbulent stresses are estimated from vector winds determined from space-borne scatterometers. Scatterometer vector winds differ subtly from in situ observations of vector winds. These differences are exaggerated for severe storm conditions, which is advantageous for determining surface stress. A physically based model for surface stress is developed to link surface turbulent str...