Nowadays democracy is essential for governance and citizens want to play increasing roles in policy making. But maximum political participation is not the only factor for the realization of real democracy and other preconditions such as political trust, political knowledge, acceptance of political democratic norms and political networks need. All of these concepts present political capital, whi...

Public spaces are those that embrace a wide range of citizens from child to old, woman and man, and with every religion and race; therefore, public spaces have the potential to strengthen social cohesion, economic development, and the improvement of the quality of collective life. The realization of these issues requires the consideration of the design and visual quality of public spaces so tha...

Abstract Introduction: The aim of this study was to identify the factors affecting the reduction of citizens' helping behavior with the welfare organization. Method: This study was performed by descriptive method and ex-post facto design.  Data were collected from 408 citizens 20 years and older in Guilan province. Samples were selected using multistage cluster sampling method. Measur...

Within the framework of human rights, one can conceive of the vague concept of inherent dignity on the basis of the concept of "normative subjectivity " and, on the basis of the role of human rights in protecting the personality, one can find a way for understanding of what human rights are there and what is their its implications. In contrast, within the framework of the rights of citizens, ba...

Purpose: Citizenship education system in any country is influenced by a set of cultural, social, economic and infrastructural factors, each of which, in turn, plays a vital role in shaping and using electronic services. It is also one of the most comprehensive topics in e-government projects for educating the citizenry. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of higher education i...