phatic communion is a cultural concept which differs across cultures. according to hofstede (2001), the u.s. tends to have individualistic culture; however, asian countries tend to have collectivistic cultures. these cultures view phatic communion differently. in individualistic cultures like u.s., phatic communion reflects speakers’ socio-cultural relationships in conversations. to see whether...

Background and purpose: Application of nanomaterials is growing in removing various contaminants, pharmaceuticals, and in deactivation of water or sewage bacteria. However, the ability to degrade or eliminate the genetic components of bacteria by nanoparticles and preventing the increasing trend of antibiotic resistance from sewage treatment plants needs to be further investigated. This study a...

nitric oxide (no) is a small molecule synthesized by most of mammalian cells with diverse biological activities including vasodilatation, host defense and wound healing. impaired wound healing is a common occurrence among diabetics and patients receiving glucocorticoid therapy. on the other hand the application of laser in biomedical area have been increased. thus, the current studies were desi...

Background and purpose: Nitrate is one of the most common chemical pollutants in groundwater in the world. Adsorption has been considered as an effective and efficient method of removing pollutants, particularly nitrate from aqueous solutions and so the aim of this study was to magnetization of the carbon nanotubes with zero-valent iron and using it as an adsorbent for the removal of nitrate fr...

abstract lexical knowledge of complex english words is an important part of language skills and crucial for fluent language use (nation, 2001). the present study, thus, was an attempt to assess the role of morphological decomposition awareness as a vocabulary learning strategy on learners’ productive and receptive recall and recognition of complex english words. so 90 sophomores (female and ma...

efl/esl textbooks have been regarded as essential language teaching materials with which the learners spend about 70 up to 90 percent of their class time. the important role they play and their vast use make them not only influential in learning the language but also in shaping values and attitudes. put it another way, textbooks socialize learners using their contents (i.e. texts, illustrations...

Abstract Background and purpose: Increasing industrial activities and the subsequent discharge of untreated wastewater containing dye to aqueous environment can cause problems such as reducing the sun light penetration, creating anaerobic conditions, allergy and cancer. Adsorption is considered as one of the most efficient and effective methods for dye removal. The aim of this study was to m...