The natural course of Chlamydia trachomatis urogenital tract infections varies between individuals. While protective immunity can occur, some women can become reinfected, contributing to the development of severe pathology. While the reasons for these differences are unknown, an individual's response to induced interferon-γ (IFN-γ) is suggested to be critical. IFN-γ induction of the enzyme indo...

OBJECTIVE To comprehensively review and critically assess the literature on vaginal estrogen and its alternatives for women with genitourinary syndrome of menopause and to provide clinical practice guidelines. DATA SOURCES MEDLINE and Cochrane databases were searched from inception to April 2013. We included randomized controlled trials and prospective comparative studies. Interventions and c...

BACKGROUND Furred pets in the household are known reservoirs for pathogenic bacteria, but it is not known if transmission of bacteria between pet and owner leads to significantly increased rate of infections. We studied whether cats and dogs living in the household of pregnant women affect the commensal vaginal flora, and furthermore the need for oral antibiotics and rate of urinary tract infec...

Adenocarcinoma Urethral diverticulum Vaginal cancer Abstract We report an extremely rare case of a 50-year-old woman with an adenocarcinoma arising within a urethral diverticulum. She could not be diagnosed correctly before operation and the microscopic pathological examination of the surgical specimen was the only indication showing the cancer origin. Yasuhiko Nakamura, MD, Department of Obste...

OBJECTIVE Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common cause of genital discomfort in women in reproductive ages, which causes many complications. Bacterial vaginosis is usually treated by metronidazole and clindamycin. However, this protocol does not prevent its recurrence, which is a main complaint of the patients. The number of lactobacilli in the vagina of women with BV is significantly lower than ...

The female genital tract has a complex microbial flora which varies with site, age of the patient, and hormonal background. Likewise, the quality and quantity of cervical and vaginal secretions vary with many factors including age, phase of the menstrual cycle, use of oral contraceptive, pregnancy, and presence of an intrauterine contraceptive device. Vaginal discharge may arise from the vagina...

Urethral coitus is a rare condition seen especially in cases with vaginal agenesis or hymen imperforatus. A female patient with sexual dysfunction and primary amenorrhea diagnosed with urethral coitus is presented in this report. These cases present recurrent urinary tract infections, dysuria, and dyspareunia besides primary amenorrhea. There was no megalourethra or vaginal introitus in our cas...

The National Cancer Institute is supporting a study of vaginal cancer and other noncancemous genital tract innegu lamitiesin offspring of mothers who received synthetic estro gens during pregnancy. The study, entitled The DESAD Project (DES7 and Adenosis), seeks to provide answers concerning the risk to exposed offspring born after 1940 of developing cancer on other medically important conditio...

Ever since the pH of the vagina was found to be much more acidic than blood and interstitial fluids, a belief going back more than a century has persisted that the vagina is protected from pathogenic organisms by the high level of hydronium ions present. A corollary of this belief is that the pH of the vagina and antipathogen activity is due to colonizing Lactobacilli. Unfortunately, this dogma...

Foreign objects in the female genital tract neglected for a long period of time may lead to many clinical problems including recurrent vaginal discharge and infertility. We present a case of 3-year long infertility, and 11-year long recurrent vaginal discharge in a 24-year-old female. She was treated empirically with several courses of antibiotics, which did not resolve her symptoms. Before her...