OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of various routes of administration and number of doses of 3 commercially produced rabies vaccines on serum antibody responses and protection in mice challenged by intracerebral injection with fixed-strain rabies virus. ANIMALS 2,213 mice. PROCEDURE Inactivated, adjuvanted rabies vaccines were administered to mice in either 2, 1, or 0 (control) doses via IP,...

Application of vaccine materials through oral mucosal route confers great economical advantage in animal farming industry due to much less vaccination cost compared with that of injection-based vaccination. In particular, oral administration of recombinant protein antigen against foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is an ideal strategy because it is safe from FMDV transmission during vaccine pr...

To increase the protective efficacy against influenza in pediatric populations, several attempts to modify the composition or the route of administration of an inactivated influenza vaccine have been made. Adjuvants have been added, vaccines with higher antigen content have been developed and intradermal administration of inactivated influenza vaccine with a variety of devices has been consider...

Fecal secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies in dogs infected or vaccinated with canine coronavirus (CCV) were evaluated by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The study was carried out with 32 fecal samples collected just before inoculation and at 28 days postinoculation. Five groups were studied: naturally infected dogs, experimentally infected dogs, dogs inoculated with a modified liv...

The vaccine Bacillus of Calmette Guérin (BCG) was originally developed in France as an oral vaccine against tuberculosis. The oral use of this vaccine was replaced by the parenteral route in almost all countries after the Lubeck disaster. In contrast, Brazil retained the oral delivery of the vaccine until the mid-seventies when it was replaced by the intradermal route. This change in route of d...

This brief review will focus on nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue as a unique inductive immune site for B cell responses and plasma cell generation. The anatomical and immunological characteristics of Waldeyer's lymphoid ring should make the nasal route for vaccine administration highly relevant in future clinical trials to stimulate both mucosal and systemic immunity. In this context, the...

The use of nasal cavity as a route of administration of drugs, specifically systemically acting drugs that pose a delivery challenge, have become an area of great interest to the pharmaceutical companies in the past decade. The physiology of the nasal cavity allows for variety of drug delivery possibilities and destinations which include local, systemic, vaccine, and access to the central nervo...

Background: Vaccination is the most fundamental strategy in control and eradication of brucellosis. Several vaccination programs with different vaccines have been carried out many countries which brucellosis continues to be a problem livestock. One recommended against cattle live Brucella abortus S19 vaccine. The aim this study evaluate results field safety efficacy trials for conjunctival vacc...

1. Abstract 2. Introduction 3. Preparation of dendritic cells 3.1. Sources of dendritic cells 3.2. Dendritic cell mobilization strategies 3.3. Dendritic cell culture conditions 3.4. Methods of loading dendritic cells with tumor antigens 3.5. Dendritic cell maturation 3.6. The role of helper antigens 3.7. cryopreservation of dendritic cells 4. Administration of dendritic cell vaccines 4.1. Route...

Insects such as desert ants learn stereotyped visual routes between their nests and reliable food sites. Studies here reveal an important control element for ensuring that the route memories are used appropriately. They find that visual route memories can be disengaged, so that they do not provide guidance, even when all appropriate visual cues are present and when there are no competing guidan...