We introduce a technique for measuring the conductivity of individual hybrid metal, semiconducting core-shell and full-metal conducting particles by a microscopic four-point probe (μ-4PP) method. The four-point probe geometry allows for minimizing contact resistances between electrodes and particles. By using a focused ion beam we fabricate platinum nanoleads between four microelectrodes on a s...

A flow-injection pulse amperometric method for determining tacrine, based on ion transfer across a plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) membrane, was developed. A four-electrode potentiostat with ohmic drop compensation was used, while a flow-through cell incorporated the four electrodes and the membrane, which contained tetrabutylammonium tetraphenylborate. The influence of the applied poten...

The reduction in number of electrodes usage is a significant advancement in Brain computer Interface (BCI) research if not compromised with quality. The two major advantages of reducing the number of electrodes are the operational flexibility and reduction of volume in the feature date involved. The experiment results of a BCI are analyzed with two different electrode configurations and the fin...

The in vivo electrochemical behavior of titanium nitride (TiN) nerve stimulation electrodes was compared to their in vitro behavior for a period of 90 days. Ten electrodes were implanted in two Göttingen minipigs. Four of these were used for electrical stimulation and electrochemical measurements. Five electrodes were kept in Ringer's solution at 37.5°C, of which four were used for electrical s...

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) leads with radially distributed electrodes have potential to improve clinical outcomes through more selective targeting of pathways and networks within the brain. However, increasing the number of electrodes on clinical DBS leads by replacing conventional cylindrical shell electrodes with radially distributed electrodes raises practical design and stimulation progra...

A composite carcinoma is a special tumor in which at least two different malignant cell types are blended. Such tumors have been documented in numerous gastrointestinal organs, but rarely occur in the stomach. Usually, they consist of an adenocarcinoma and neuroendocrine components (1-3). Here, we present a 64-year-old man with a gastric composite tumor including adenocarcinoma, neuroendocrine-...

Stimulation of abdominal and upper-thoracic muscles was studied with the long-term goal of improved respiratory care for spinal cord injury (SCI) patients. A 12-channel stimulator and multiple surface and implanted Permaloc electrodes were evaluated in five anesthetized canines. Abdominal stimulation with 100 mA using four bilateral sets of surface electrodes placed on the midaxillary line at t...