Complex scenes such as underground stations and malls are composed of static occlusion structures such as walls, entrances, columns, turnstiles, barriers, etc. Unless this occlusion landscape is made explicit such structures can defeat the process of tracking individuals through the scene. This paper describes a method of generating the probability density functions (PDFs) for the depth of the ...

Three amplification mechanisms of large accelerations over 20 m/s2 are related to various non-liner behaviors and explained by using the non-stationary Fourier spectra. The frequencies of dominant components are compared with the natural frequencies with the ratios (1:3:5:7) of a shear-spring model of the underground soil. Thus, one of the amplification mechanisms is supposed to result from the...

In this study, the soil moisture content was measured, and the quantitative characteristics of this sedge species were compared. The phenotypic plasticity of each parameter and the linear regression relationships were analyzed. The results showed that the soil moisture content was significantly affected by location, soil depth, and sampling date. The aboveground biomass, underground biomass, bi...

Geant4 has been used to estimate the rate, energy spectrum and angular distribution of cosmic ray muons at underground depths between 300 and 1000 m.w.e. The results agree well with those from the MUSIC program when the same surface spectrum is used. Care has been taken to use a parameterization of the surface spectrum which agrees well with data for the relevant energies. 1 Goals Knowledge of ...

Through-the-Earth (TTE) communication systems require minimal infrastructure to operate. Hence, they are assumed to be more survivable and more conventional than other underground mine communications systems. This survivability is a major advantage for TTE systems. In 2006, Congress passed the Mine Improvement and New Emergency Response Act (MINER Act), which requires all underground coal mines...

This paper studies the issue of tax evasion in the context of the underground economy. A dynamic general equilibrium model is built where individual households and entrepreneurs decide rationally whether to go underground and under-report their earnings. These behaviors affect tax revenues, which are used to finance productive public services. This model is applied to the Czech Republic, becaus...

Wireless Underground Sensor Networks (WUSNs) constitute one of the promising application areas of the recently developed wireless sensor networking techniques. WUSN is a specialized kind of WSN that mainly focuses on the use of sensors at the subsurface region of the soil, that is, the top few meters of the soil. For a long time, this region has been used to bury sensors, usually targeting irri...

The late detection of the kick (the entrance of underground fluids into oil wells) leads to oil well blowouts. It causes human life loss and imposes a great deal of expenses on the petroleum industry. This paper presents the application of adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system designed for an earlier kick detection using measurable drilling parameters. In order to generate the initial fuzzy inf...