While dealing with the historiography of post-independence African economy, the writer has made attempts to consult sources of different interests. Majority of the sources consulted for this purpose are books written by Marxist scholars. Thence, they reflect the maxims of socialism at continental and state level in Africa. Their explanations rest on the cardinal causes for the underdevelopment ...

professionals and policy-makers need to understand the unnatural determinants of the problems facing the country and how these affect any form of response. Without such an understanding, the humanitarian impulse informing international efforts to support Haiti’s recovery and development may serve to merely reinforce the historic relationship between wealthy countries and Haiti and may fuel cont...

Hernia funiculi umbilicalis. a hernia of the umbilical cord is developmental defect, consequence underdevelopment abdominal integument in navel, "while peritoneum appears to be already formed" (Tikhov).

Many studies show that corruption negatively affects public investment, reduces government revenue, misuses resources, and decreases expenditure quality of life for the people. It is also considered leading cause behind low infrastructure, damaging social, economic, political, infrastructural development. Similarly, hinders development because it distorts resources affecting economic growth ser...

The occurrence of an undifferentiated carcinoma in the affected lung of a cigarette smoker with asymptomatic congenital hypoplasia of the right pulmonary artery is reported.

The Lancet in 1999 suggested that 'neglect of research has made primary care one of the most intellectually underdeveloped disciplines in medicine' and later labelled general practice research 'a lost cause'. According to the Medical Journal of Australia, this underdevelopment 'stems from a lack of research culture, a heavy service commitment and the late arrival of academic GPs'.

war and conflicts within and among third world countries and between them and western countries, despite the end of the cold war, continues to produce fear and threat, violence, insecurity and instability. they are some of the most important causes of pain and misery of peoples, together with immense human, social, economic and developmental costs, with vast and durable consequences, in deepest...

The term, Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS), initially proposed by Noonan and Nadas,8 describes a diminutive left ventricle with underdevelopment of mitral and aortic valves. A patent foramen ovale or an atrial septal defect is usually present. The ventricular septum is usually intact. A large patent ductus arteriosus supplies blood to the systemic circulation. Coarctation of the aorta is ...