The best-characterized Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) ligands are lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and its chemically modified and detoxified variant, monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL). Although both molecules are active for human TLR4, they demonstrate a potency preference for mouse TLR4 based on data from transfected cell lines and primary cells of both species. After a high throughput screening process of s...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Our study evaluated the prevalence, the characteristics and implications of the upper gastrointestinal localisation (UGI+) in paediatric Crohn's Disease (CD) patients. METHODS This prospective study evaluated 45 newly diagnosed CD patients at diagnosis and follow up with respect to CD localisation. RESULTS All patients presented CD at the colon and/or ileum. In 24/45 pat...

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE The appropriate role for ultrasonography (US) as a replacement for the upper gastrointestinal series (UGI) in vomiting infants remains undefined. The authors have used decision analysis techniques to determine whether the use of ultrasonography as an initial screen in vomiting infants is cost effective when compared with the UGI as the only study. METHODS Two diagnostic str...

BACKGROUND Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure is a risk factor for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, and PAHs are ligands of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). This study measured the expression of AhR and related genes in frozen esophageal cell samples from patients exposed to different levels of indoor air pollution, who did or did not have high-grade squamous dysplasia and wh...

Various isocyanide-based multicomponent reactions prove to be highly reliable when ?-substituted ?-amino boronic esters are employed as the amine component, allowing efficient synthesis of unprecedented peptidomimetics and heteroatom-rich boron-containing small molecules. In particular, scope Ugi reaction is widely exploited, give a family enantiopure ?-amido boronates. The Ugi-azide van Leusen...

The synthesis of new, artificial ribonucleases containing two amino acid residues connected by an aliphatic linker has been developed. Target molecules were synthesized via a catalytic three-component Ugi reaction from aliphatic diisocyanides. Preliminary investigations proved unspecific nuclease activity of the new compounds towards single-stranded RNA and double-stranded circular DNA.

Despite advancements in endoscopy and pharmacology in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease the overall mortality has remained constant at 10% for the past four decades. The aim of this study was to determine the age, gender, racial distribution, incidence and causes of endoscopically diagnosed cases of upper gastrointestinal (UGI) bleeding to summarise treatments undertaken and to report their...

BACKGROUND Two strategies for prevention of upper gastrointestinal (UGI) events for nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (nsNSAID) users are replacement of the nsNSAID by a cyclo-oxygenase-2-selective inhibitor (coxib) or co-prescription of a gastroprotective agent (GPA). AIM To identify whether and in whom either of these strategies should be preferred in daily practice. METHOD...