In this article, we have reviewed current literature regarding the regulation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by the interaction of malignant hepatocytes and their tissue environment through cytokine signaling, here represented by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling. We have discussed responses of TGF-β signaling in transition of hepatic stellate cells to myofibroblasts (MFBs), ...

Receptors in the nerve growth factor/tumor necrosis factor receptor family are characterized by the presence of cysteine-rich motifs of approximately 40 amino acids in the extracellular domain. The ligands are type II transmembrane proteins with beta-strands that form a jelly-roll beta-sandwich. The receptors recognize soluble or cell-surface-bound ligands and mediate diverse cellular responses...

Recombinant tumor necrosis factor (TNF) stimulates the proliferation of two neuroblastoma cell lines, SKNFI and SKNBE, in both serum-free medium and fetal calf serum-supplemented medium but has no effect in medium without insulin. This effect is very similar with TNF doses ranging from 5 to 500 ng/ml but depends on the duration of treatment; when cells are treated for 168 h with TNF, the maxima...

objective: vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf) and vegf receptors (vegfrs) play important roles in angiogenesis of different developmental mechanisms such as wound healing, embryogenesis and diseases, including different types of cancer. vegfr2 is associated with cell proliferation, migration, and vascular permeability of endothelial cells. blocking vegf and its receptors is suggested as ...

Objective(s): Lung cancer is the main leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Angiogenesis is the main step in proliferation and spreading of tumor cells. Targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an effective approach for inhibition of cancer angiogenesis. Nanobodies (NBs) are a novel class of antibodies derived from the camel. Unique characteristics of Nbs like their small size ...

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha is thought to be one of the most important inflammatory cytokines associated with the demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis. We determined whether neurotrophins could protect oligodendrocytes from tumor necrosis factor-alpha-mediated cytotoxicity. Among the neurotrophins tested, nerve growth factor was most effective at preventing cell death. Nerve growth factor a...