functions (Table 1 and http://www.mgu.har.mrc.ac.uk/ Introduction anomaly/anomaly.html). From this list two themes emerge. The genetic nonequivalence of the mammalian maternal Particularly striking is the number of imprinted genes and paternal genomes, uncovered by the elegant pronuthat act in the fetal growth pathway mediated by insulinclear transplantation studies in the 1980s (McGrath and li...

In this paper we introduce a novel consensus mech- anism where agents of a network are able to share logical values, or Booleans, representing their local opinions on e.g. the presence of an intruder or of a fire within an indoor environment. We first formulate the logical consensus problem, and then we review relevant results in the literature on cellular automata and convergence of finite-sta...

The mitotic cell selection procedure for cell cycle anal ysis was utilized with Chinese hamster ovary fibroblasts to determine the transition points in G,, i.e., the age in G, at which cells become refractory to drug-induced progres sion blockade, for several cancer Chemotherapeutic agents and antimetabolites over a 1000-fold concentration range. The G transition points for five anticancer drug...

Neu robiological studies ind icate very p recise tempo ral behavior of neuron firings. Abeles [1] has recorded spik e timing of different co rtical cells and, in particular, has observed th e following level of precisio n: when a neuron A fires, neuron B w ould fire 15 1ms later an d neu ron C would fire p recisely 289 ms after that—with a precision across trials of 1 ms! Such lon g delays req ...

Mec1 [ATR (ataxia telangiectasia mutated- and Rad3-related) in humans] is the principle kinase responsible for checkpoint activation in response to replication stress and DNA damage in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The heterotrimeric checkpoint clamp, 9-1-1 (checkpoint clamp of Rad9, Rad1 and Hus1 in humans and Ddc1, Rad17 and Mec3 in S. cerevisiae; Ddc1-Mec3-Rad17) and the DNA replication initiati...

wild-type Rhes. Biochemical studies revealed a substantial reduction of Rhes-C263S binding to Ubc9 and mHtt (Fig. 4D). Finally, Rhes-induced mHtt sumoylation occurred both in the soluble and membrane fractions (fig. S9). In summary, Rhes binds tomHtt and elicits its sumoylation, which is associated with mHtt disaggregation and cell death. In some animal models overexpression of full-length mHtt...

Investigation of the mechanism of uptake of melphalan by L5178Y lymphoblasts has been extended with particular emphasis on the chemical specificity of the transport mech anism. Evidence was obtained that uptake of melphalan was an active carrier-mediated process. Uptake appeared to proceed “uphill― against a concentration gradient of approximately eight-fold and was temperature sensitive, p...

T g anism and a machine holds true to a remarkable extent at all levels at which it is investigated. To be sure, living things are machines with exceptional powers, set apart from other machi~les by their ability to adapt to the environment and to reproduce themselves. Yet in all their functions they seem to obey mechanistic laws. An organism can be compared to an automatic factory. Its various...

The tsunami source of the 2016 Fukushima Earthquake, which was generated by a normal faulting earthquake mech‐ anism, is estimated by inverting the tsunami waveforms that were recorded by seven tide gauge stations and two wave gauge stations along the north Pacific coast of Japan. Two fault models based on different available moment tensor solutions were employed, and their locations were const...

In a previous paper on heterologous trans plantation of tumors, we (2) reported successful growth and serial propagation of a carcinoma of the human colon in irradiated and cortisonetreated weanling Wistar rats. The fact that 205 other malignant tumors failed to grow simply served to emphasize the well known presence of a highly effective protective mechanism normally possessed by animals again...