This paper examines the international experiences with four basic types of monetary policy regimes: 1) exchange-rate targeting, 2) monetary targeting, 3) inflation targeting, and 4) monetary policy with an implicit but not an explicit nominal anchor. The basic theme that emerges from this analysis is that transparency and accountability are crucial to constraining discretionary monetary policy ...

Abstract The UK enacted its first legal measure to address gender pay inequity, the Equal Pay Act 1970, more than 50 years ago. Yet, in 2021, gap (GPG) still stood at 15.4%. Departing from remedial and individual approach that characterises equal legislation, 2017 Gender Gap Information Regulations (the Regulations) require private voluntary sector organisations with 250+ employees annually pub...

One of the central features of the 'rise' of the regulatory state has been the shift of particular policy functions to non-majoritarian institutions. Issues of accountability and transparency have therefore moved to the foreground of regulatory debates, both in the applied and academic public policy literature. This paper argues that a narrow debate on parliamentary oversight is too limited and...

objectives: the awareness of citizens leads to access to their rights. in addition to natural rights (that are noted in many investigations) people have rights that are called social rights. this survey investigates some rights that are related to the responsibilities and missions of urban management. with revising of the notion of active citizenship, citizens need purposive participation. so a...

Introduction What can transparency contribute to those seeking to improve the effectiveness of earth system governance? This article distinguishes among various policies designed to promote transparency based on the mechanisms by which they influence behavior and, thereby, seeks to identify the conditions under which we might expect them to promote socially desirable behavior and to discourage ...

The rhetoric of open government data (OGD) promises that data transparency will lead to multiple public benefits: economic and social innovation, civic participation, public-private collaboration, and public accountability. In reality much less has been accomplished in practice than advocates have hoped. OGD research to address this gap tends to fall into two streams – one that focuses on data ...

In the previous decade we have seen an increased use of the term “transparency”. Transparency is being considered an indispensable ingredient in social accountability and necessary for preserving and guaranteeing ethical and fair processes. Transparency is related to visibility of information, and without it, the organization and stakeholders will be left in blind states. The growing importance...