Major depression is a leading cause of disease burden worldwide. Although various treatment approaches exist, including pharmacological (eg, antidepressant agents), psychotherapeutic (eg, cognitivebehavioral therapy), and neuromodulatory (eg, electroconvulsive therapy [ECT]), a substantial number of patients do not adequately bene!t from or cannot tolerate these existing options. This has led t...

Abstract Oscillations play a pivotal role in shaping cerebellar local activity and its communication with neocortical areas involved learning motor skills. Previous studies have emphasized the presence potentially important of beta (15-30 Hz) oscillations such processes. Yet, distribution causal nature interregional synchronization patterns at frequencies remain elusive. The present study aims ...

Abstract Background: Patients who undergo TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation) are typically assessed using subjective rating scales. However, more objective assessments may lead to the development of biomarkers that be better able predict outcomes after TMS. In this study, we evaluated non-conscious negativity bias test as an measure depression severity. Design: This was a retrospective stu...

A range of techniques are now available for modulating the activity of the brain in healthy people and people with neurological conditions. These techniques, including transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial current stimulation (tCS, which includes direct and alternating current), create magnetic or electrical fields that cross the intact skull and affect neural processing in b...

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is often described as a method for inducing reversible lesions in neurologically normal observers ("virtual lesions"). However, there is evidence that the behavioral and perceptual effects of TMS are too subtle to fit neatly into such a conceptualization. The objective of this commentary is to address some of the behavioral and perceptual consequences of ...

A recent study (Di Lazzaro et al. J Neurophysiol 105: 2150-2156, 2011) describes the findings from a rigorous comparison on the effects of several popular variations of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) protocols. The results demonstrate that excitatory and inhibitory neural networks may be independently modulated based on TMS protocol selection. Moreover, the within-group replication of ...

With help of informatics technology it is possible to simulate various physiological processes in virtual models of biological structures. In a created realistic model of the human head we made some comparative investigations over physical phenomena accompanying the electroconvulsive treatment ECT and transcranial magnetic stimulation TMS--two methods with confirmed (ECT) or presumable (TMS) an...

Several techniques that involve transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can be used to measure brain plasticity noninvasively in humans. These include paired-associative stimulation (PAS), repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and theta burst stimulation (TBS). Some of these techniques are based the principle of use dependent plasticity or are designed to mimic protocols used to i...

BACKGROUND There is increasing interest in the use of non-invasive brain stimulation to characterize and potentially treat essential tremor (ET). Studies have used a variety of stimulation coils, paradigms, and target locations to make these observations. We reviewed the literature to compare prior studies and to evaluate the rationale and the methods used in these studies. METHODS We perform...

 Introduction: Neural stimulation is a promising new technology for the treatment of medically-intractable seizures.  Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is a simple, non-invasive, low cost technique which is widely used in neurophysiology. In a few studies that have been performed at different frequencies the therapeutic effects of this technique were not obvious. Repetition of low frequen...