introduction: urine morphine test, in several countries is the most primarily available qualitative test for detecting opioid abusers. since the users of illicit drugs attempt to defeat urine tests and there are also plenty of claims that usage of hd (high dose) contraceptive pills can result in false-negative results, we decided to design the present study to investigate the probable in vitro ...

To assess the effect of oral contraceptives on antinuclear antibodies (ANAs), rheumatoid factor (RF), and C-reactive protein (CRP), 3 groups of women were studied: 1) 174 women (ages 16-47) from the time of their initial uses of oral contraceptives, 2) 119 women (ages 17-39) selected from the community at random, and 3) 210 women (ages 17-47) who had been taking oral contraceptives prior to an...

Main aim of this study is to quantify and analyze the utilization and utilization trends of oral hormonal contraceptives in the City of Zagreb, 2008-2010, and to propose potential interventions, if necessary. Data gathered from Zagreb pharmacies were assessed by Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification of drugs and Daily Defined Dose methodology. An alarming decrease in total utilization ...

A cross sectional, community-based, descriptive study among women of reproductive age group (15-49 years) in Nigeria to explore the possible reasons for contraceptive non-use despite reported high awareness was carried out. Data were obtained using a standard questionnaire instrument and applied on 2001 respondents. Contraceptive prevalence among sexually active respondents was 14.8% for all me...

Addressing the issue of unintended pregnancy is a national priority. One proposed strategy to reduce unintended pregnancy is to improve access to oral contraceptives by changing them to over-the-counter (OTC) status. Existing data indicate that oral contraceptives meet safety criteria required of OTC products. Available literature demonstrates that women can self-screen for contraindications to...

In this paper, it is argued that oral contraceptives should be available without prescription. Prescription status entails heavy costs, including the dollar, time, and psychological costs of visiting a physician to obtain a prescription, the financial and human costs of unintended pregnancies that result from the obstacle to access caused by medicalization of oral contraceptives, and administra...

OBJECTIVE To examine the use of hormonal contraceptives among immigrant and native women in Norway. DESIGN Nationwide registry-based study based on merged data from the Norwegian Prescription Database, the Norwegian Population Registry, the Regular General Practitioner Database and the Medical Birth Registry. SETTING Norway. SAMPLE All women born abroad to two foreign-born parents (immigr...

Since the onset of the HIV/AIDS pandemic, a relevant question has been whether contraception can influence or be influenced by the disease, and how HIV prevention can be integrated into HIV prevention and care programmes. On face value, it would appear that the promotion of all types of contraceptives would complement and synergize HIV/AIDS prevention efforts. However, there is now sufficient e...