The upcoming European Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) is one of the more controversial climate policy instruments. Predictions about its likely impact and its performance can at present only be made to a certain degree. As long as the National Allocations Plans are not finally settled the overall supply of allowances is not determined. In this paper, we will identify key features and key impacts...

nowadays, business methods are among the most important assets of a company, protectable as an intellectual property right. different legal systems have, always, taken different approaches in this regard. although trade secrets are the most traditional form to protect business methods, the companies' willingness to patent inventions in this field has so increased that the significance and ...

This contribution aims to provide a better understanding of trade unions’ engagement with climate change policies. It analyses the interactions between intra- and interorganizational bargaining, taking steel 2018 revision EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) as case study. The finds that bargaining employers’ organizations strongly influenced formulation negotiating positions on ETS. is mainly ...

Alternative mechanisms for EU ETS (European Union Emissions Trading Scheme) quotas allocations within the Romanian economy are evaluated using a general equilibrium model within a dynamic intertemporal framework. Several distribution rules are simulated based on: the historical emissions, the least-cost approach and the auctioning scheme with and without a preliminary selection of eligible sect...

Most research and policy on protecting innovation focus on patents. Yet, almost all technology managers report secrecy to be more important than patents. Here, I show theoretically that stronger secrecy laws could increase or reduce R&D. By reducing spillovers, secrecy laws might reduce or raise the return to R&D, depending on whether spillover and own R&D are complements or substitutes. By str...

Background: Cigarette smoke contains many oxidants and may alter the human reproduction by inducing oxidative stress (OS) in both active and passive smokers. This study was designed to evaluation the effect of environment tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure on oxidative stress in follicular follicle and assisted reproduction outcomes. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was carried out on 236 i...