Maternally inherited female-biased sex ratios have been documented in many invertebrate species. One cause of such biased sex ratios is male killing, i.e. only males die. In most species, male killing occurs during embryonic stages (early male killing) and is associated with cytoplasmic bacteria, including Wolbachia, Spiroplasma, Rickettsia, Flavobacteria and gamma proteobacteria. However, the ...

A EU-funded project GeoPKDD develops methods and tools for analysis of massive collections of movement data, which describe changes of spatial positions of discrete entities. Within this project, we design and develop methods of visual analytics, which combine interactive visual displays with database operations and computational methods of analysis. In this article, we demonstrate by example h...

Budbreak of individual ramets of clonal Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii: Fagaceae) was advanced experimentally to test the effects of altered timing of budbreak and hence, leaf age, on patterns of folivory. Early-season folivory by leaf-chewing insects was significantly greater on younger leaves of control ramets than older leaves of experimental ramets. However, differences in cumulative folivory...

The processes by which insects cope with toxic chemicals in their environment are commonly classified as class 1 and 2 reactions (Dauterman and Hodgson 1978). Class 1 reactions include oxidations, reductions, and hydrolyses. By these processes, a hydrophilic group is added onto the foreign molecule and the molecule is then eliminated. Class 2 reactions consist of conjugations, i.e., glutathione...